??????? ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??????? ???????. ????? ????? ?? ??? β-D-????????? (M) ???? α-L-????????? (G)? ?????? ?????? (1 → 4). ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ???????. ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ??? 1938. ????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ?? -COO-? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ????????. ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????. ?? ?? ?????? ???????? - ????? ????? COO - ??? COOH? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????????. ????? ?????? COOH ????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ????????. ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????. ???? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ??????. ????? ???? ???????? ??? Ca2 + ? Sr2 +? ??????? Na + ??? ???? G ?? ???????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???? G ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ???? ????. ?????? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??????. ???? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????????.