???????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? β - D-??????????? ??????? (M) ??? α - L-????????? ??????? (G) ?????? ???? ?? (1 → 4) ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????, ????????????, ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ?-??????? ????? ?? 1938 ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????????? ??????????????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? - COO - ????, ?? ????? ?????? ????????????? ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ???????????, - ??? COO - COOH ?? ?????????? ???, ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????, ???????? ???????????? ??????????????? ????? ????, ????? ?????? ???????? ??? ??? pH ??? ?????? ????? COOH ????? ??????? ????????? ???, ???????? ???????????? ??????????????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ???? ????, ???????? ???????????? ??????????? pH ??????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??? Ca2+ ??? Sr2+ ?? ??? ???????? ????, ??? G ??????? Na+ ????-???? ?????????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? G ????? ???? ????-?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????, ?????? ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? ??????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??? ?? ????, ?? ????????? ????, ???????, ???, ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????????? ?????, ????? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ???????