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??????????, ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????, ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????, ???, ???? ???, ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ???? ??? ??, ??? ?? ????????, ?????????, ?????????, ??????? ?????????? ??. [1] ????, ???? ????? ???????, ???? ??? ? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ???. 1848 ?? ????????, ??????? ????????????? ??? ?????????? ? ?????? ???? ??????, ??? 1952 ??? ???? ??????????? ??? ?????.
??????????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ????????????? ????? 60-70% ?? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? 0.21 ????? ????? ??? [3], ?? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??, ???? ?? ?????????? ???? ???, ??????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ??. [4] ? ???????????? ?????, ???????????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ??.
?????? ????, ???????????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ??, ??? ?????, ???????? ???????, ?????, ??????, ????????, ???????, ???????????, ??????, ?????, ????, ??????????? ??? ??????????? ???? 60 ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??. ???? ????? ?????, ??????? ??, ??????, ??????, ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ??? ??.
??????, ???????????? ? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??:
?????, ????? ?????????? ??? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ??, ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????????? ???, ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ??????????? ???? ???? "??????????" ???, [5] ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??.
?????, ???? ??????? ???-?????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??, ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? 90% ?????????? ??????? ????? ??, ??? ??????????, ???? 10% ????????, ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??. [4] ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??.
???????, ?????? ??? ??????, ????? ???????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????????? ???? ????????? ??, ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????, ??? ?????????????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ??, ?????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ??, ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ??. ??? ??????? ?????????, ??????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????.
- ???? ????????? ???? ??? ??? ?????????????? ????????????? ??? ?????????????? ????????, ???? ?????????? ??? ????? ??????????? ???? ???????? ??? ??. ?????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????????? ???? ?????????????? ??????? ???? ??? ??. ???????????? ?????? ???? -97.4J/g ??. ???? ?????? ?????? ?????, ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??. ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??. [6]
????????, ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ??. ????????????? ?????, ????? ?????? ????? (WHO), ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ?????????????? (FDA), ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? (EFSA), ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ??, ??? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???? ????????? (AND) ? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???????? ??.
?????? ?????? ?????????, ????????, "?????" ?????? ?? ??.
?????? ?????, ???????? ? ?????, ??, ????????, ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??, ???? ??????????? ???????? ????????? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ????? ??. ?????? ?????? ??????
?? ??, ?????????? "??????? ?????????" ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??: ?? ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ???????????? ??, ?? ?????????? "??????" ???. ??????, ?????????? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ???? ????, ?? "?????" ???, ??? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ???????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??, ??? ???????? ??? ??? ??.
?????? ??????, ?????????? ??????????? ??????????? "?????? ??? ??????" ?? ??, ??? ?? ??????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????????? ?? ??.
?????????? ???? ?????? ?????, ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ??, ?? ??? ?? ????????? ??????? ???? "???? ??????????" ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ???????? ??????? ???.