?????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??. ???? ?????? β - D-??????????? ???? (M) ??? α - L-????????? ???? (G) ?? ????? ?? ?? (1 → 4) ????? ?????? ??????? ??. ?????? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ????, ???????????, ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ??. ?????? ???????? ?? ???-???? ????? ?? ?? 1938 ?? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????????????? ????????? ????? ???. ?????? ??????????? ???? ????????? - COO - ??? ??, ?? ???? ????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????? ??. ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??. ?????? ?????????????, - ?????? COO - COOH ??? ????????? ??? ??, ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??, ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??? ??, ?????? ????? ??????? ??, ??? pH ????? ??? ??. COOH ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??, ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ??. ????, ?????? ??????????? ????????? pH ??????????? ??? ??. ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ??. ?????? Ca2+ ??? Sr2+ ???? ???? ??????????? ??? ??, ?????? G ????? ?? Na+ ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????, ??? G ????? ?????-?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???, ?? ?????????? ????. ?? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??, ?? ????????? ????, ???????, ????, ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????? ?????????????? ???? ??? ??. ? ????? ?????????? ?????, ?????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ??.