Flavor Enhancer, wanda kuma aka sani da ha?aka ?an?ano, yana nufin abubuwa wa?anda zasu iya ha?akawa ko inganta ainihin dandanon abinci. A cikin masana'antar ?an?ano da ?amshi, don daidaita bu?atun ?amshi, sau da yawa ana ?ara abubuwan ?an?ano don ha?aka ?arfin ?an?anon, rage tsada, da sanya ?amshin ya zama mai daidaitawa, mai wadata, taushi da gaskiya. Yawanci ana raba dandanon abinci zuwa dandano mai da?i (kamar strawberry, apple, peach, da sauransu) da ?an?ano mai ?an?ano (kamar ?an?ano mai ?an?ano, ?an?anon nama), ?an?anon nama wani muhimmin sashe ne na masana'antar ?an?anon abinci, ana iya raba ?an?anon nama zuwa nau'ikan 6 masu zuwa:

1) Abincin dandano monomer (Chemical): maltol, ethyl maltol, furfuryl mercaptan, furfuryl mercaptan, 2-mercapto-3-furan mercaptan, bis (2-methyl-3-furan) disulfide, methyl cyclopentenolone (MCP), da dai sauransu;

2) Umami agents: Sodium glutamate (MSG), sodium inosine (IMP), sodium guanylate (GMP), sodium inosine + sodium guanylate (I+ G), monosodium succinate (MSS), disodium succinate (DSS), da sauransu;

3) Man fetur mai mahimmanci na halitta da kuma gaurayewar ?an?anonsu: irin su man zaitun, ?an?anon sesame da wasu kayan kamshi mai mahimmanci, resins ko gauraye;

4) Odorants da aka haifar a cikin amsawar Maillard: irin su aldehydes ko ketones da cysteine ??da aka haifar a cikin amsawar ?ananan adadin hydrogen sulfide;

5) Sauran dadin dandano da kayan kamshi: kamar a hada naman alade da kaji kadan ga naman naman sa, da kuma kara dan kadan na kaji da naman sa ga naman alade.

Mai inganta dandanon nama yana da halaye masu zuwa:

1) Adadin yana da ?ananan, tasirin ha?aka ?anshi yana da mahimmanci;

2) Ita kanta ma’anar ?amshi ba za ta iya ba da ?amshi ba, kuma ba za ta canza tsari da tsarin sauran abubuwan ?amshi ba, amma yana iya canza ayyukan ilimin halittar ?an adam, wato ?arfafa kuzarin jijiyoyi masu ?amshi, ingantawa da ha?aka hankalin ?wayoyin ?amshi, da ?arfafa watsa bayanan ?amshi;

3) Rage adadin sauran abubuwan ?anshi ko rage adadin dandano na ?arshe ta hanyar ha?aka ?amshi mai mahimmanci, don haka rage farashin;

4) Wasu abubuwan dandano ba kawai suna da tasirin ?an?ano ba, har ma suna da tasirin ?amshi mai kyau, wanda zai iya sa ?amshin ya daidaita, mai laushi, mai wadata, da tsawon lokacin ri?e ?amshi;

5) Wasu masu inganta dandano suna da tsari na musamman na kwayoyin halitta, kuma suna iya amsawa da sauran abubuwa a cikin tsarin sarrafa su don samar da wasu kayan ?anshi, irin su furanone, MCP, da dai sauransu;

6) Yawan abin da ake amfani da shi na dandano yana da tasiri akan ?anshi. Wasu abubuwan dandano ba za su yi tasiri ga ?amshin ?anshin gaba ?aya ba idan aka yi amfani da su da yawa, kamar maltol, ethyl maltol, da sauransu, yayin da wasu kayan yaji za su gabatar da wari mara da?i idan aka yi amfani da su fiye da kima, kamar furfuryl mercaptan, MCP, da sauransu;

7) Saboda tasirin ha?in kai tsakanin masu ha?aka ?anshi, ana amfani da su sau da yawa tare.

Gabatarwar nau'ikan abubuwan ha?aka dandano na nama

A, ajin monomer mai da?in ci

(a) Maltol da ethyl maltol duk nau'ikan dandano ne masu fa?i, a cikin binciken GC/MS na wasu ?an?anon nama sun gano cewa wani babban ?angaren ?an?anon naman yana ?ara malt ko ethyl maltol, ?arar adadin 1% zuwa 20% (a nan yana nufin ?imar ingancin kayan yaji a cikin dandano, ban da kaushi). Maltol (Maltol, Veltol), sunan kasuwanci na flavol, Palatone, Kopalin, sunan sinadarai 2-methylpyromeconic acid, yana da ?anshi na musamman mai kama da sukari mai ?onawa, wanda kuma aka kwatanta da ?anshin caramel, maras tabbas, ana samun samfuran halitta a cikin soyayyen malt, alluran Pine, chicory. Ethy Maltol (Vetol2plus), wanda aka fi sani da 2-ethyl pyromeconic acid, yana da caramel mai ?orewa da ?amshi na 'ya'yan itace, tare da ?an?ano mai da?i sosai da ?amshi mai ?an?ano mai ?an?ano a cikin ?an ?aramin bayani. Dukansu suna narkewa cikin ruwa, ethanol da propylene glycol (PG) yakamata su kula da maki 4 masu zuwa yayin amfani da su: 1) Dukansu sun ?unshi phenol hydroxyl, kuma ha?uwa da kwantena na ?arfe zai zama ja, don haka guje wa amfani da kwantena na ?arfe; 2) A ?ar?ashin yanayin acidic, tasirin ha?aka ?anshi yana da kyau, amma a ?ar?ashin yanayin alkaline, tasirin ya ragu saboda rabuwar ?ungiyar phenol hydroxyl; 3) Sakamakon ha?aka ?anshi na ethyl maltol shine kusan sau 3-8 na maltol, kuma ana iya rage adadin lokacin amfani da tsohon; 4) Idan aka yi amfani da shi tare da I + G, MSG, MCP da sauran abubuwan dandano, zai iya ha?aka tasirin.

(b) MCPMCP, wanda kuma aka sani da 3-methyl-1, 2-cyclopentenedione ko 3-methyl-2-hydroxy-2-cyclopentene-1-one, fari ne ko haske rawaya crystalline foda tare da maple da acerlike ?anshi, wanda kuma aka bayyana a matsayin caramel ?anshi. An gano kasancewarsa a cikin wasu ?an?anon nama. MCP yana da irin abubuwan dandano na maltol da ethyl maltol, amma adadin bai kamata ya yi yawa ba. A karkashin yanayin zafi mai zafi, MCP zai kuma bu?e zobe kuma zai amsa tare da wasu abubuwan ?amshi don samar da ?an?anon nama na musamman.

(3) Furfuryl Mercaptan, wanda kuma aka sani da kofi mercaptan, 2-furanyl methylmercaptan. A cikin adadi mai yawa, yana da wari mara kyau na sulfur, kuma idan an diluted, yana jin warin kofi da nama. Kayayyakin Furfuryl mercaptan 1% da wasu manyan kamfanoni ke samarwa suna da ?an?anon nama mai ?arfi, gasasshen nama (kuma kamar naman sa), kuma basu da ?an?anon kofi. Binciken GC/MS na wasu ?an?anon nama ya gano kasancewar furfuryl mercaptan a cikin adadi mai yawa, kuma takardu da yawa kuma sun tabbatar da rawar furfuryl mercaptan kuma sun ba da shawarar ?ara adadin adadin. A cikin ainihin amfani, Furfuryl mercaptan ana diluted zuwa kashi 1% na taro sannan kuma a ?ara shi da ?an?anon nama a cikin ?aramin adadin.

(4) Furaneol; Furanone) Sunan sunadarai 2, 5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3 (2H) -furanone, dandano ne na abinci, mai ha?aka dandano, mai daidaitawa. Tun farkon shekarun 1960, an samo shi a cikin sabo abarba da miyan naman sa, don haka ana kiranta bromelain. Furanone yana da abarba na halitta, strawberry kamar ?amshi, wanda kuma aka kwatanta shi da ?amshi mai ?onawa, tare da ?amshi a bayyane, yana da?a?awa, yana iya sa ?amshin ya zama mai zagaye kuma yana da?a?awa, kuma yana da aikin garkuwa da rufe ?an?ano maras da?i. Wani sashi na furone daidai yake da kashi 5.5 zuwa 6 na ethyl maltol da kashi 16 zuwa 20 na maltol wajen inganta kamshi da garkuwa da wari mara dadi. A cikin bincike na GC/MS na wasu ?an?anon nama, an gano kasancewar furanone, kuma adadinsa zai iya kai kashi 5% na adadin ?an?anon. A daya bangaren kuma, furanone shi ma wani sinadarin da ake hada dandano ne na nama, wanda zai iya mayar da martani da cysteine, cystine, ammonium sulfide da sauran sinadarai don samar da sinadarai masu dandanon nama, da kuma samar da sinadarin hydrogen sulfide kadan. A cewar binciken Ding Desheng, ?ara furone a cikin ainihin kaji na iya ?ara yawan cikawa da daidaiton ?an?anon da kuma ?ara da?in barbecue. ?ara furone a cikin naman sa na iya ?ara ?an?ano da ?an?ano sosai, kuma santsi da ?an?anon dandano yana ?aruwa sosai, wanda ke sa ?an?anon naman ya fi girma, ?an?ano da ?an?ano. Misalan aikace-aikacen furanone, (I + G) da MSG ana nuna su a cikin Table 1.

(5) Sauran dandano monomers tare da gagarumin ?amshi inganta da modulating effects su ne: 2-methyl-3-furan mercaptan, bis (2-methyl-3-furan) disulfide, 2-methyl-3-methyl-mercaptan, 2-methyl-3-tetrahydrofuran mercaptan, da dai sauransu Wadannan dandano jamiái suna da babban dandano na nama, amma za su iya zama mai girma dandano na nama. yawa.

Biyu, aji wakilin umami

(a) MSGMSG shine MSG, wanda kuma aka sani da L-glutamate sodium, sodium glutamate. MSG asali ba shi da wari, tare da umami, dandano mai da?i da gishiri, kuma ?imar dandano shine 0.014%. MSG yana aiki ne a gaban ?arshen harshe da jaws guda biyu, kuma yana da ma'ana mai ?arfi na tasirin umami kai tsaye da sani. Umami ce ta d'auka, kuma tasirin umami yana nunawa a tsakiya, sai ga umami ta zo da sauri da sauri.

MSG yana da tasirin aiki tare da IMP, GMP da (I + G). (MSG + IMP) A 0.05 g / L taro taro, lokacin da MSG∶IMP = 1∶1, umami ya kai matsakaicin ?arfi; A cikin cakuda MSG da IMP, yawan juzu'in IMP ya karu daga sifili zuwa 50%, kuma tsananin umami ya karu cikin siffa mai kama da juna. Yawan juzu'i na IMP ya ?aru daga 50% zuwa 100%, kuma ?arfin umami ya ragu a cikin siffa mai kama da juna.

Ana ha?e MSG sau da yawa tare da (I + G) don samar da MSG mai ?arfi, 99% MSG + 1% (I + G) ana iya ha?aka ta sau 2, 98% MSG + 2% (I + G) na iya ?aruwa sau 3.5; 96% MSG + 4% (I + G) za a iya ?ara ta hanyar 5. A cikin aikace-aikacen dandano nama, ana amfani da MSG sau da yawa tare da (I + G), kuma ana nuna takamaiman aikace-aikacen a cikin Table 1.

(2) IMP, GMP da (I + G) IMP da GMP suna da yawa a cikin dabbobi da kayan kiwon kaji kamar naman sa, naman alade da kaza, da abincin teku kamar sardines, eels, farar hange pike da kifi masu ?amshi. IMP da GMP suna da ?an?anon umami mai ?arfi, kuma ?arfin umami na GMP ya kusan sau 3 fiye da na IMP, kuma caku?ewar su yawanci ana amfani da su ta hanyar kasuwanci (watau I + G, IMP da GMP asusu na 50% kowanne). MSG, IMP, GMP, (I + G) na iya sa ?an?anon naman ya fi ?arfi, cikakke, ha?akawa da ha?aka ?an?anon nama, dagewa da hankali mai ?arfi.

(3) MSS da DSSMSS, DSS duk suna da umami da dandano na musamman na kifi, don haka ana kuma santa da kasuwanci kamar ?wan?wasa, kifi (kamar nama, kawa, katantanwa, scallops, abalone, clams, da dai sauransu) umami manyan abubuwan da ake bu?ata, ana iya amfani da su azaman ha?aka da?in abincin teku. Dukansu suna da tasirin daidaitawa tare da MSG.

3.Natural mahimmancin man fetur ko kuma abin da aka ha?a shi

Babban man da aka fi amfani da shi shine man sesame. Sesame wanda ba a gasa ba yana da ?amshi ka?an ka?an, yana ?auke da nau'ikan aldehydes fiye da 10 (kamar valeraldehyde, hexal, heptanaldehyde, furfural, 5-methylfurfural, da sauransu), phenols da yawa (phenol, guaiacol, da sauransu) da fiye da nau'ikan sauran abubuwan ?amshi guda 10. Koyaya, bayan gasa sesame, kayan ?amshi da yawa suna ?aruwa sosai. Ciki har da hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids, furans, phenols, lactones, pyrazines, pyrroles, pyridines, oxazoles, nitriles, thiazoles, thiophenes, mercaptans da sulfides da sauran nau'o'in 17 na 208 kayan ?anshi. Man Sesame da ake hakowa daga Roast-ed sesame yana da ?amshi mai ?arfi da ha?aka ?amshi mai kyau. Idan ana son ?ara man sesame a cikin ?an?anon ruwa, sai a fara fara kwaikwayi man sesame, in ba haka ba al'amarin na kitse yana iyo zai faru bayan ?arawa, yana shafar kamanni da ingancin dandano. A cikin wasu albarkatun man da aka ha?a ko man salati, ana ?ara man sesame sau da yawa don ?ara ?an?ano, inganta ?arin ?imar samfurin. Baya ga amfani da man sesame na halitta, ana iya amfani da dandanon man sesame. Lokacin da kamshin man sesame bai yi ?arfi ba ko kuma ingancinsa ba shi da ?arfi, ana iya magance shi ta hanya mai ?amshi.

Na hudu, martanin Maillard don samar da abubuwan ha?aka dandano

An ba da rahoton irin wannan amsa a cikin binciken da yawa, misali: 1) VB1 → bis (2-methyl-3-furanyl) disulfide; 2) α-hydroxyl ketone + (NH4) 2S →H2S, da dai sauransu; 3) Aldehyde + (NH4) 2S →H2S, da dai sauransu; 4) Furanones da analogues na tsarin su + (NH4) 2S →H2S, da sauransu.

Don rage farashin ?an?anon nama da ha?aka ?arfinsa, cikawa da daidaitawa, ya zama dole don ?ara kayan ?anshin nama. Duk da haka, ba kowane mai inganta dandano ba ne za a iya shafa shi ga dandano na nama, a gaba ?aya, MSG, (I + G), furanone, maltol da ethyl maltol sun dace da nau'in dandano na nama, MSS, DSS don dandano na abincin teku, man sesame ya dace da naman alade, naman sa, naman alade, gasasshi da sauran nau'ikan dandano.