I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua lilo ka ho?okē ?ai i mea punahele hou o ka ?epekema ?epekema, ua hō?ike ?ia ka ho?okē ?ai ?ana e lilo i ke kaumaha a ho?olō?ihi i ke ola o nā holoholona, ???oia?i?o, ke ulu nei ka helu o nā ha?awina e hō?ike ana i ka ho?okē ?ai ?ana he nui nā pono olakino, ho?omaika?i i ke olakino metabolic, pale a ho?opane?e paha i nā ma?i e hele mai me ka ?elemakule, a me ka ho?olō?ihi ?ana i ka ulu ?ana o nā ma?i koko.
Ua hō?ike ?ia ka ho?okē ?ai ?ana, e like me ka palena caloric, e ho?olō?ihi i ke ola a me ke ola olakino o nā holoholona ho?ohālike e like me ka hū, nā nematodes, nā nalo hua, a me nā ?iole.