?O Flavour Enhancer, ?ike ?ia ho?i ?o ka mea ho?onui ?ono, e pili ana i nā mea hiki ke ho?onui nui a ho?omaika?i paha i ka ?ono mua o ka mea?ai. I ka ?oihana ?ono a me ka ?ala, i mea e ho?oponopono ai i nā pono ?ala, e ho?ohui pinepine i nā mea ?ono e ho?onui ai i ka ikaika o ka ?ono, e ho?emi i ke kumukū?ai, a ho?ohui i ka ?ala, waiwai, palupalu a maoli. Ho?oka?awale ?ia ka ?ono mea?ai i ka ?ono ?ono (e like me ka strawberry, apple, peach, etc.) a me ka ?ono pa?akai (e like me ka ?ono ?ono, ka ?ono ?i?o), ?o ka ?ono o ka ?i?o he ?āpana ko?iko?i o ka ?oihana ?ono mea?ai, hiki ke ho?oka?awale ?ia ka mea ho?onui ?ono o ka ?i?o i kēia 6 mau ?āpana:

1) Mea?ai mea?ono monomer (Kemika): maltol, ethyl maltol, furfuryl mercaptan, furfuryl mercaptan, 2-mercapto-3-furan mercaptan, bis (2-methyl-3-furan) disulfide, methyl cyclopentenolone (MCP), etc.;

2) Nā mea hana Umami: Sodium glutamate (MSG), sodium inosine (IMP), sodium guanylate (GMP), sodium inosine + sodium guanylate (I + G), monosodium succinate (MSS), disodium succinate (DSS), etc.;

3) ?O nā aila pono maoli a me nā mea ?ono i hui ?ia: e like me ka aila sesame, ka ?ono sesame a me kekahi mau mea ?ala nui, resins a i ?ole nā ??mea ?ono i hui ?ia;

4) Nā mea ?ala i hana ?ia ma ka pane ?ana o Maillard: e like me nā aldehydes a i ?ole ketones a me ka cysteine ??i hana ?ia i ka hopena o ka hydrogen sulfide li?ili?i loa;

5) ?O nā mea ?ala maoli a me nā mea ?ala ?ē a?e: e like me ka ho?ohui ?ana i kahi pua?a li?ili?i a me ka ?ono moa i ka ?ono pipi, a me ka ho?ohui ?ana i kahi ?ano li?ili?i o ka moa a me ka pipi i ka ?ono pua?a.

?O ka mea ho?onui i ka ?ono o ka ?i?o he mau hi?ohi?ona kēia:

1) He li?ili?i ka nui, he mea nui ka hopena ho?onui ?ala;

2) ?A?ole hiki i ka Aroma enhancer ke hō?ike i ka ?ala, ?a?ole ho?i e ho?ololi i ke ?ano a me ka ho?ohui ?ana o nā mea ?ala ?ē a?e, akā hiki iā ia ke ho?ololi i nā hana physiological kanaka, ?o ia ho?i, e ho?oikaika i ka ho?oulu ?ana i nā a?alolo olfactory kanaka, ho?omaika?i a ho?omaika?i i ka na?au o nā cell olfactory, a ho?oikaika i ka lawe ?ana i nā ?ike ?ala;

3) E ho'ēmi i ka nui o nā mea?ala'ē a?e a i?ole e ho'ēmi i ka nui hope o ka mea?ono ma ka ho?onui nui?ana i ka mea?ala, pēlā e ho'ēmi ai i ke kumukū?ai;

4) ?A?ole i loa?a i kekahi mau mea ?ono ka hopena o ka ?ono, akā he hopena maika?i nō ho?i, hiki ke hana i ka mea ?ala i hui pū ?ia, palupalu, waiwai, a lō?ihi ka manawa pa?a ?ala;

5) Loa?a i kekahi mau mea ho?oulu ?ono i kahi ?ano molekala kūikawā, a hiki ke hana me nā mea ?ē a?e i ke ka?ina hana e hana i nā mea ?ala ?ē a?e, e like me furanone, MCP, etc.;

6) He hopena ka nui o ka mea ?ono i ka ?ala. ?A?ole e ho?opilikia kekahi mau mea ?ala i ka ?ala holo?oko?a o ka ?ono ke ho?ohana ?ia i nā mea nui, e like me ka maltol, ethyl maltol, a me nā mea ?ē a?e.

7) Ma muli o ka hopena synergistic ma waena o nā mea ho?onani ?ala, ho?ohana pinepine ?ia lākou.

?O ka ho?okomo?ana i nā mea ho?onui i ka?ono o ka?i?o

A, papa monomer mea ?ono hiki ke ?ai

(a) ?O Maltol a me ka ethyl maltol nā mea ?ono ākea ākea, ma ka loiloi GC/MS o kekahi mau ?ono ?i?o i ?ike ?ia he hapa nui o ka ?ono ?i?o i ho?ohui ?ia i ka malt a i ?ole ethyl maltol, ?o ka nui i ho?ohui ?ia o 1% a 20% (e pili ana i ka ratio maika?i o nā mea ?ala i loko o ka ?ono, ?a?ole nā ??solvents). ?O Maltol (Maltol, Veltol), ka inoa kālepa o flavol, Palatone, Kopalin, ka inoa kemika 2-methylpyromeconic acid, he mea ?ala kūikawā e like me ke kōpa?a puhi ahi, i wehewehe ?ia ho?i e like me ka caramel aroma, volatile, sublimed ma 93 ℃, Loa?a nā huahana kūlohelohe i ka malt stir-fried, pine nila, chicory. ?O Ethy Maltol (Vetol2plus), i kapa ?ia ?o 2-ethyl pyromeconic acid, he caramel lō?ihi a me ka ?ala hua, me ka ?ono ?ono loa a me ka ?ala hua ?ono i loko o kahi hopena lahilahi. Hiki ke ho?ohehe?e ?ia nā mea ?elua i ka wai, ethanol a propylene glycol (PG) pono e ho?olohe i kēia mau helu 4 i ka wā e ho?ohana ai: 1) Loa?a iā lāua ?elua ka phenol hydroxyl, a ?ula?ula ka pilina me nā ipu hao, no laila e pale i ka ho?ohana ?ana i nā ipu hao; 2) Ma lalo o nā kūlana acidic, maika?i ka hopena ho?onui ?ala, akā ma lalo o nā kūlana alkaline, ho?emi ?ia ka hopena ma muli o ka dissociation o ka hui phenol hydroxyl; 3) ?O ka hopena ho?onui ?ala o ka ethyl maltol ma kahi o 3-8 mau manawa o ka maltol, a hiki ke ho?emi ?ia ke ?ano i ka wā e ho?ohana ai i ka mea mua; 4) Inā ho?ohana ?ia me I + G, MSG, MCP a me nā mea ?ono ?ē a?e, hiki ke ho?onui i ka hopena.

(b) ?O MCPMCP, i ?ike ?ia ?o 3-methyl-1, 2-cyclopentenedione a i ?ole 3-methyl-2-hydroxy-2-cyclopentene-1-one, he ke?oke?o a ?ula?ula melemele crystalline pauka me ka maple a me ka ?ala acerlike, ka mea i wehewehe ?ia he ?ala caramel. Ua ?ike ?ia kona hele ?ana ma kekahi mau ?ono ?i?o. Loa?a i ka MCP nā mea ?ono like me ka maltol a me ka ethyl maltol, akā ?a?ole pono ke ?ano nui. Ma lalo o nā kūlana wela wela, e wehe pū ?o MCP i ke apo a hana pū me nā mea ?ala ?ē a?e e hana i kahi ?ono ?i?o kū ho?okahi.

(3) Furfuryl Mercaptan, i ?ike ?ia ?o ka coffee mercaptan, 2-furanyl methylmercaptan. Ma nā ki?eki?e ki?eki?e, loa?a iā ia kahi ?ala sulfur maika?i ?ole, a ke ho?ohehe?e ?ia, honi ka kofe a me ka ?i?o. ?O nā huahana 1% furfuryl mercaptan i hana ?ia e kekahi mau hui nui he ?ono ikaika o ka ?i?o, ka ?i?o kālua (e like me ka pipi), a ?a?ohe ?ono kofe. Ua ?ike ?ia ka loiloi GC/MS o kekahi mau ?ono ?i?o i ka loa?a ?ana o ka furfuryl mercaptan i nā helu trace, a ua hō?oia ?ia nā pepa he nui i ke kuleana o ka furfuryl mercaptan a mana?o i ka ho?ohui ?ana i nā huina trace. Ma ka ho?ohana maoli ?ana, ho?ohehe?e ?ia ka furfuryl mercaptan i 1% ka hapa nui a laila ho?ohui ?ia i ka ?ono ?i?o i kahi li?ili?i.

(4) Furaneol; Furanone) inoa kemika 2, 5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3 (2H) -furanone, he mea?ai mea?ai, ho?onui i ka ?ono, synergist. I ka makahiki 1960, loa?a ia i loko o ka paina hou a me ka sopa pipi, no laila ua kapa ?ia ?o ia he bromelain. He pineapple maoli ka Furanone, strawberry e like me ka ?ala, i wehewehe ?ia he ?ala ?ono, me ka ?ala ?ike, ka hopena ?ono, hiki ke hana i ka ?ala a puni a piha, a loa?a iā ia ka hana o ka pale a me ka uhi ?ana i ka ?ono maika?i ?ole. Ho?okahi ?āpana o ka furanone e like me 5.5 a 6 mau ?āpana o ka ethyl maltol a me 16 a 20 mau ?āpana o ka maltol i ka ho?omaika?i ?ana i ka ?ala a me ka pale ?ana i nā mea ?ala maika?i ?ole. I loko o ka GC/MS ka nānā ?ana o kekahi mau ?ono ?i?o, ua ?ike ?ia ka loa?a ?ana o ka furanone, a hiki ke ki?eki?e i ka 5% o ka nui o ka ?ono. Ma ka ?ao?ao ?ē a?e, ?o furanone kekahi mea ?ono precursor o ka ?ono ?i?o, hiki ke hana me ka cysteine, cystine, ammonium sulfide a me nā mea ?ē a?e e hana ai i nā mea ?ono o ka ?i?o, a hana i kahi mea li?ili?i loa o ka hydrogen sulfide. Wahi a ka noi?i a Ding Desheng, ?o ka ho?ohui ?ana i ka furanone i ka ?i?o moa hiki ke ho?onui i ka piha a me ke kaulike o ka ?ono a ho?onui i ka ?ono barbecue. ?O ka ho?ohui ?ana i ka furanone i ka ?i?o pipi hiki ke ho?onui nui i ka ?ono a me ka ?ono, a ua ho?onui nui ?ia ka ma?alahi a me ka ?ono o ka ?ono, ?o ia ka mea e ?ono ai ka ?i?o i ?oi aku ka plump, juicy a me ka momona. Hō?ike ?ia nā la?ana o ka furanone, (I + G) a me MSG ma ka Papa 1.

(5) ?O nā monomers ?ono ?ē a?e me ka ho?onui ?ana i ka ?ala a me nā hopena modulating: 2-methyl-3-furan mercaptan, bis (2-methyl-3-furan) disulfide, 2-methyl-3-methyl-mercaptan, 2-methyl-3-tetrahydrofuran mercaptan, a pēlā aku.

?Elua, papa ?ākena umami

(a) ?O MSGMSG ka MSG, i ?ike ?ia ?o L-glutamate sodium, sodium glutamate. ?A?ole ?ono ka MSG, me ka umami, nā ?ono a me ka pa?akai, a ?o ka paepae ?ono he 0.014%. Hana ?o MSG ma ka ?ao?ao mua o ke alelo a me nā ?auwae ?elua, a he mana?o ko?iko?i ka hopena pololei o ka umami a me ka ?ike mua. He ?ano monotonous ka Umami, a ?ike ?ia ka hopena o ka umami ma ke ?ano waena, a hiki koke ka umami a hele wikiwiki.

Loa?a i ka MSG ka hopena synergistic me IMP, GMP a me (I + G). (MSG + IMP) Ma ka 0.05 g/ L ka nuipa o ka nui, ke hiki i ka MSG∶IMP = 1∶1, ua hiki ka umami i ka ikaika loa; I ka hui ?ana o MSG a me IMP, ua ho?onui ?ia ka hapa nui o IMP mai ka ?ole a i ka 50%, a ua ho?onui ?ia ka ikaika o ka umami i kahi ?ano parabolic convex. Ua ho?onui ?ia ka hapa nui o IMP mai 50% a i 100%, a ua emi ka ikaika o ka umami ma kahi ?ano parabolic convex.

Ho?ohui pinepine ?ia ?o MSG me (I + G) e hana i ka MSG ikaika, 99% MSG + 1% (I + G) hiki ke ho?onui ?ia e 2 mau manawa, 98% MSG + 2% (I + G) hiki ke ho?onui ?ia e 3.5 mau manawa; 96% MSG+ 4% (I + G) hiki ke ho?onui ?ia e ka helu 5. I ka ho?ohana ?ana i ka ?ono ?i?o, ho?ohana pinepine ?ia ?o MSG me (I + G), a ua hō?ike ?ia ka noi kiko?ī ma ka Papa 1.

(2) IMP, GMP a me (I + G) IMP a me GMP ka nui i loko o nā holoholona a me nā huahana moa e like me ka pipi, ka pua?a a me ka moa, a me ka i?a i?a e like me ka sardines, ka ?eli, ka pike kiko ke?oke?o a me nā i?a ?ala. He ?ono umami ikaika ko IMP a me GMP, a ?o ka nui o ka umami o GMP ma kahi o 3 mau manawa ?oi a?e ma mua o ka IMP, a ?o ka hui ?ana o ia mau mea ?elua e ho?ohana mau ?ia ma ke kālepa (?o ia ho?i, I + G, IMP a me GMP helu no 50% kēlā me kēia). Hiki i ka MSG, IMP, GMP, (I + G) ke ho?oikaika i ka ?ono o ka ?i?o, kūpono, ho?onui a ho?omaika?i i ka ?ono ?i?o, ho?omau a me ka mana?o ikaika.

(3) MSS a me DSSMSS, DSS he umami a me ka ?ono o ka i?a kūikawā, no laila, ua ?ike ?ia ?o ia ma ke kālepa ?ana he scallops, shellfish (e like me ka ?i?o clam, oysters, snails, scallops, abalone, clams, etc.) umami nā mea nui, hiki ke ho?ohana ?ia i mea ho?onui i ka ?ono kai. Loa?a nā hopena synergistic ?elua me MSG.

3.Natural ?aila nui a i ?ole kona ?ano huila

?O ka ?aila nui i ho?ohana pinepine ?ia he ?aila sesame. He li?ili?i loa nā mea ?ala o ka sesame ?ole, aia wale nō ma mua o 10 mau ?ano aldehydes (e like me valeraldehyde, hexal, heptanaldehyde, furfural, 5-methylfurfural, etc.), kekahi mau phenols (phenol, guaiacol, etc.) a ?oi aku ma mua o 10 mau ?ano mea ?ala ?ē a?e. Eia nō na?e, ma hope o ka ?ai ?ana i ka sesame, ho?onui nui ?ia kona mau mea ?ala a me ka nui. Me nā hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids, furans, phenols, lactones, pyrazines, pyrroles, pyridines, oxazoles, nitriles, thiazoles, thiophenes, mercaptans a me sulfides a me nā ?ano 17 ?ē a?e o 208 mau mea ?ala. ?O ka ?aila Sesame i unuhi ?ia mai Roast-ed sesame he ?ala ikaika a me ka ho?onui ?ana i ka ?ala maika?i. Inā makemake ?oe e ho?ohui i ka aila sesame i ka ?ono wai, pono e emulsify i ka aila sesame ma mua, i ?ole e hiki mai ke ?ano o ka lana ?ana o ka momona ma hope o ka ho?ohui ?ana, e pili ana i ka helehelena a me ka maika?i o ka ?ono. I loko o kekahi ?aila hui ?ia i kū?ai ?ia ma ke kālepa a i ?ole ?aila salakeke, ho?ohui pinepine ?ia ka aila sesame e ho?omaika?i i ka ?ono, e ho?omaika?i i ka waiwai ho?ohui o ka huahana. Ma waho a?e o ka ho?ohana ?ana i ka aila sesame maoli, hiki ke ho?ohana ?ia ka ?aila sesame. Inā ?a?ole ikaika ka ?ala o ka aila sesame maoli a i ?ole pa?a ka maika?i, hiki ke ho?onā ?ia ma ke ala ?ala.

?O ka hā, ?o ka pane ?o Maillard e hana i nā mea ho?onui ?ono

Ua hō?ike ?ia kēia ?ano pane i nā ha?awina he nui, no ka la?ana: 1) VB1 → bis (2-methyl-3-furanyl) disulfide; 2) α-hydroxyl ketone + (NH4) 2S →H2S, etc.; 3) Aldehyde + (NH4) 2S →H2S, etc.; 4) Furanones a me kā lākou mau mea ho?ohālikelike + (NH4) 2S →H2S, etc.

I mea e hō?emi ai i ke kumukū?ai o ka ?ono o ka ?i?o a ho?omaika?i i kona ikaika, piha a me ka ho?ohui ?ana, pono e ho?ohui i ka mea ho?onani ?ono. Eia nō na?e, ?a?ole hiki ke ho?ohana ?ia kēlā me kēia mea ho?onui ?ono i ka ?ono o ka ?i?o, ma ke ?ano nui, MSG, (I + G), furanone, maltol a me ethyl maltol he kūpono no nā ?ano ?ono ?i?o, MSS, DSS no ka ?ono i?a, kūpono ka ?aila sesame no ka pua?a, pipi, ham, ?ala a me nā ?ano ?ono ?ē a?e.