He monosaccharide ka mannose, hiki ke ho?ohehe?e ?ia i ka wai, hiki ke ho?ohehe?e ?ia i ka ethanol. ?A?ohe kala a i ?ole ka pauka crystalline ke?oke?o. He kuleana ko?iko?i ia i ka metabolism o ke kanaka, ?oi aku ho?i i ke ka?ina glycosylation o nā protein kiko?ī. He mea pa?akikī ke komo ?ana o ka mannose e ke kino o ke kanaka, a e ho?opau ?ia e ke kino o ke kanaka ma hope koke o ka ?ai ?ana, ?oi loa ma o ka metabolism kidney, a ?o ka pō?ai metabolic holo?oko?a ma kahi o ?ewalu hola. ?A?ole hiki i ka ?ai ?ana i ka mannose ke pi?i i ke kō koko, no laila he ?ano kō ia e ?ai ai kekahi po?e me ka ma?i diabetes. Ma ke ?ano maoli, aia ka mannose ma ke ?ano manuahi i kekahi mau hua?ai, e like me ka cranberries, nā ?āpala, nā ?alani, a me nā mea ?ē a?e. I loko o kēia mau kiko, pili ka mannose i ka synthesis o glycoproteins e ho?oponopono i ka hana o ka ?ōnaehana autoimmune. Ua hō?ike ?ia nā ha?awina ho?oma?ama?a mua e hiki i ka mannose ke mālama a pale i nā ma?i ma?i urinary tract, no laila ua ho?ohana ?ia kekahi mau huahana olakino ?ē a?e me ka mannose ka mea nui e mālama i ke olakino ?ōnaehana urinary. ?O Mannitol kahi wai?ona kō, ho?emi pinepine ?ia mai ke kō (mannose), he isomers o ka sorbitol, hiki ke ho?ohehe?e ?ia i ka wai, ka pauka crystalline ke?oke?o, he ?ono ?ono e like me ka sucrose. Hiki ke ho?ohana ?ia ?o Mannitol ?a?ole wale ma ke ?ano he skeleton skeleton maika?i loa, akā ?o ia ho?i me kahi pale protein lyophilized i kekahi mau ?ōlelo kuhikuhi. ?O ka hopena pale o ka mannitol ma luna o ka protein e pili ana i kona ho?opa?a ?ana a me ka ho?olālā morphological, a ?o kona ?ike ?ana i kekahi manawa pili i ka morphology kristal. Mana?o nui ?ia ?o ka mannitol amorphous ka hana o ka ho?opa?a ?ana i ka protein a?o ka crystallized mannitol e nalowale ana kāna hana pale. ?O ka mana?o o ka mannitol o 1% a i ?ole ka li?ili?i e pale i ka hō?ulu?ulu ?ana o nā lā?au lapa?au protein ma o ka ho?okumu ?ana i nā hale amorphous, akā ?o nā ki?eki?e ki?eki?e o ka mannitol ke ?ano e crystallize a hāpai i ka ho?ohui ?ana o nā lā?au protein. No ka hapa nui o nā protein, ?o ka mālama ?ana ma 4 ° C he manawa pōkole wale nō (ma kahi o 1 pule) ma hope o ka ho?oku?u hou ?ana. No ka mālama lō?ihi, pono e ho?omākaukau i nā mea ho?ohehe?e (?o ia ka mea e loa?a i nā protein carrier, e like me 0.1% BSA, 5%HSA, a i ?ole 10% FBS) a laila subpack i ka hau ma -20 ℃ a i ?ole -80 ℃. He mea nui ia e pale aku i ka maloo hou a me ka hooluu, no ka mea, e hoopau ana kela me keia maloo a me ka hooluu ana i kekahi hapa o ka protein. Ho?ohui pinepine ?ia ?o Trehalose a me ka mannitol me 8% (ka nui ma ka leo) ma ke ?ano he mea pale lyophilized. Hiki i ka Trehalose ke pale i ka ho?ololi ?ana o ke ?ano lua o ka protein a me ka ho?olō?ihi ?ana a me ka hō?ulu?ulu ?ana o ka protein i ka wā lyophilization. ?O Mannitol kahi mea pale lyophilized i ho?ohana nui ?ia a me ka ho?opihapiha hiki ke hō?emi i ka hō?ili?ili ?ana o kekahi mau protein ma hope o ka lyophilization. Hiki i ka mea ho?opiha ke hā?awi i ke ?ano kūpono no ka keke malo?o malo?o, e kōkua i ke ?ano kūpono o ka poloka keke malo?o malo?o, a hana i ke ?ano pore. ?O ka porosity kahi mea e pono ai no ka sublimation o ka wai hau, a hiki i nā pores nui ke sublimate wikiwiki, no laila hiki ke ho?emi ?ia ka manawa malo?o mua. ?O ka ho?ohui ?ana i nā mea ho?opiha e hiki ai ke ho?omalo?o mua i ka manawa pōkole (ka wela o ka huahana Tp?Tg' a i ?ole Tc) a hiki ke ho?ohana ?ia i ala e ho?omaika?i ai i ke ka?ina hana lyophilization biopharmaceutical. ?O ka ma?amau, ?o ka ratio o ka stabilizer i ka ho?opiha ?ana ma kahi o 1: 2 e hā?awi i ka crystallization pono o ka filler. Hā?awi ka lattice i ke kāko?o mechanical no nā ?āpana i ko lākou kūlana amorphous. Ma luna a?e o ka Tg', ?a?ole ?o?ole?a ka moku?āina amorphous i ho?okumu ?ia e ka ?ōnaehana ho?omākaukau e kāko?o i kona kaumaha pono?ī a hā?ule i ka pūnaewele aniani. Mahalo i ke kāko?o mechanical, hiki ke pale ?ia ka hā?ule ?ana me ka ho?omalo?o ?ana i nā mahana ma mua o Tg' (a i ?ole Tc). I loko o nā papa hana me nā kumu protein