Ka hopena o ka gluten i nā waiwai rheological o nā noodles a me kāna noi

Hō?ike ka ho?oma?ama?a i ka ho?omaika?i ?ana o ke kaomi extrusion, ka ikaika kulou a me ke ko?iko?i tensile o ka pā ma hope o ka ho?ohui ?ana i ka gluten, ?oi aku ka maika?i o ka hopena o ka macaroni.

Ka hopena o ka ho?ohui ?ana i ka gluten i ka manawa fermentation palaoa a me kāna noi

Wahi a ka noi?i ho?okolohua e pili ana i ka nui o ka gluten i ho?ohui ?ia, ?o ka palaoa i ho?ohana ?ia ?o ia ka pauka kūikawā i hana ?ia e Huangshi, a ?o ka mea kani ?o Brabander fermenter. Ua ?ike ?ia i loko o kekahi ?ano, ua pōkole ka manawa fermentation o ka palaoa me ka ho?onui ?ana i ka nui o ka gluten i ho?ohui ?ia.

?O kēia ke kumu i ka hui ?ana o ka palaoa a me ka wai, pili ka protein a me ka wai e hana i kahi ?ano viscoelastic ?ekolu-dimensional. Me ka ho?onui ?ana i ka ho?ohui gluten, ?oi aku ka maika?i o ka ?ōnaehana pūnaewele o ka gluten i hiki ke ho?opa?a i ke kinoea hou a?e, i hiki ke ho?onui koke i ka palaoa. Inā ho?omau ka fermentation, ?o ke kinoea i hana ?ia e ka fermentation e ho?olō?ihi i ke ?ano helical o nā molekole protein. Ma kēia ka?ina hana, e ho?ololi ?ia ka intermolecular -SS- i intramolecular -SS-, e like me ka nui o ka hui ?ana e ho?oha?aha?a i ka pa?a kinoea, no laila e like me ka pi?i ?ana o ka gluten i ho?ohui ?ia, ua pōkole ka manawa fermentation palaoa.
Ka hopena o ka gluten i ka maika?i o nā huahana bakena a me kāna noi

E koho i ka pauda berena kūikawā i kū?ai ?ia ma ka mākeke, ma o ka ho?okolohua e ho?oholo ai i nā ?ano bakena o ka berena me nā ?ano gluten ?oko?a, ?oi aku ka maika?i o nā ?ano o ka palaoa ma hope o ka ho?ohui ?ana i ka pauka gluten. Eia na?e, pono e ho?omaopopo ?ia ?a?ole hiki ke ho?onui ?ia ka nui o kāna ho?ohui ?ana me ka palena ?ole, no ka mea, ma hope o ka ho?onui ?ana i kekahi ?ano, e li?ili?i ka pi?i ?ana o ka leo, a nui nā laina ma ka ?ao?ao o ka ?ōpala palaoa, i ?ole e ma?alahi ka ?ili, a e ?ike ?ia ka berena i ke ahi a ?a?ole i o?o ka ?i?o, ?a?ole ia he waiwai. Ho?ohui ma?amau i ka ?ike protein o 13% a 14% ka mea kūpono loa.

I ka pōkole, me ka ho?onui ?ana i ka nui o ka gluten, maika?i ke ?ano o ka berena kumu, ?ano like nā pores a me ka spongy, ho?omaika?i ?ia ka maika?i, a pi?i ka leo kiko?ī o ka berena, a ?oi aku ka elastic o ka berena.

Eia kekahi, ?o ka waiho?olu?u o nā huahana baked ma muli o ka hopena Maillard a me ka hopena caramelization. Me ka ho?ohui ?ana o ka gluten, pili ka hui amino manuahi o ka protein me ke kō, ?oi aku ka maika?i o ka hopena o Maillard, no laila ?o ka ho?onui ?ana o ka gluten e ho?olilo i ka kala ?ele?ele, ?oi aku ka ikaika a me ka hopena maika?i.

Ka ho?ohana ?ana i ka gluten i ka ?oihana mea?ai

?O ka ho?ohana ?ana i ka gluten ma ke kahua mea?ai e pili ana i nā huahana pauka, nā huahana pa?i, nā hua granular a me nā fiber i nā huahana ku?una, e like me ka gluten roast, mildew gluten, ka ?i?o kahiko, ka moa mea?ai, ka duck vegetarian, sausage vegetarian, ka ?aila gluten a pēlā aku.
Ke ho?ohālikelike ?ia me ka protein soybean, ?o kona viscoelasticity kū?oko?a a me ka emulsification kekahi mea maika?i ?ē a?e, a he waiwai ia i ka mea?ai a hiki ke ho?ohana nui ?ia i ka ?oihana mea?ai. Me ka ho?omaika?i ?ana i ka maika?i o ka gluten, ?oi aku ka ho?omohala ?ana o ka ?enehana hana o ka gluten denatured me ka hā?ule koke ?ana o ka wela wela, ua ho?onui ?ia kona ho?ohana ?ana, a ua ho?ohana nui ?ia i nā holoholona a me nā huahana ho?oma?ema?e wai. Ho?ohana nui ?ia ia i nā reinforcers elastic e ho?omohala hou a ho?ohana i nā mea ho?oikaika protein.
Ka ho?ohana ?ana i ka gluten i nā huahana ?i?o holoholona

Ho?ohana ?ia ?o Gluten i nā huahana ?i?o, a ?o kona denaturation thermal (solidification) ke kumu nui o kona ho?ohana ?ana.
Ma lalo o nā kūlana ma?amau, ?oi aku ka wela o ka pa?a ?ana o ka gluten ma luna o 80 ° C, a ?o ka wela sterilization wela o nā huahana i ho?oponopono ?ia he 70-75 ° C, ma kēia ha?aha?a ha?aha?a, pa?akikī ka gluten e pā?ani i kona hopena pono.
No laila, ?o ka gluten i ho?ohana ?ia i ka hana ?ana i nā huahana holoholona, ?????o ia ka gluten denatured i hana ?ia me nā mea ho?oha?aha?a a i ?ole nā ??enzyme i kekahi ?ano, no ka mea, ua ho?emi ?ia ka mahana coagulation wela o ka gluten denatured ma kahi o 65-70 ° C, no laila hiki ke ho?ohana ?ia e like me ka elastic reinforcement i nā huahana sausage, ?o ka ho?ohui ?ana he 2% -3%. Ke ho?ohana ?ia ka gluten i ka sausage ?i?o momona a me nā huahana ?ē a?e, ho?ohana nui ?ia kona emulsification.

Ka ho?ohana ?ana i ka gluten i nā huahana wai

Ma hope o ka ho?ohui ?ana i ka gluten i ka keke i?a, ua ho?iho?i hou ?ia ka gluten i loko o kahi ?ano pūnaewele malleable gluten ma o ka lawe ?ana i ka wai, a ma ka manawa like, ua ho?opili ?ia ka gluten i loko o ka ?i?o ma hope o ka kāwili ?ana. Ma o ka ho?omehana?ana, ho?omau ka gluten i ka wai a me ka wela denaturate, ka hopena o ka ho?oikaika?ana i ka elasticity o ka i?a keke.
?O ka nui i ho?ohui ?ia i ka 2% -4% ua lawa, akā pono e ho?onui a ho?emi ?ia e like me nā mea maka, ke kumu o ka ho?ohana ?ana, a me nā mea ?ē a?e, ma hope o ka ho?ohui ?ana a hiki i ka wai piha ?ana, ho?oulu, a ho?ohui i 1-2 mau manawa o ka gluten e like me ka mea e pono ai. No ka la?ana, hiki i ka ho?ohui ?ana i ka gluten i loko o nā pōpō i?a pa?i ke loa?a i ka hopena like, ?oi aku ho?i no ka nui o nā hua?ai i hui ?ia a me nā mea ?ē a?e, hiki ke ho?onui i ka adhesion a pale i ka elasticity a me ka ho?opā ?ana ma muli o ke kahe ?ana o ka wai mea?ai.

I ka hana ana o ka i?a sausage, mai ka palekana o ka mea?ai noonoo, pinepine ole ho?ohana preservatives, ma mua o ka ho?ohana ki?eki?e wela wela lapa?au e ho?okō i ke kumu o ki?eki?e pu?e sterilization. Eia nō na?e, inā ki?eki?e ka hapa o nā i?a li?ili?i li?ili?i i loko o ka mea maka, a laila ma?alahi ka ma?alahi o ka mālama ?ana i ka wela ki?eki?e e hō?emi i ka maika?i o ka huahana, a hiki i ka ho?ohui ?ana i ka gluten ke ho?okō pono i ke kumu o ka pale ?ana i kēia hemahema.
Ma ka ho?ohui ?ana i ka gluten e ho?iho?i i ka gluten, a laila e ho?opiha i ka pahu a me ke ana ?ana i ka ikaika gel i ka wā i wela ai i nā mahana like ?ole, e ho?omehana ana i 130 ° C, ?a?ole i emi ka ikaika o ka gel.
?O ka nui o ka gluten i ho?ohui ?ia i ka sausage i?a he 3% -6%, akā pono e ho?ololi i ka nui e like me ke kūlana o nā mea maka, nā kūlana sterilization, pono ke koho ?ia ka manawa e ho?ohui ai i ka gluten i ka ?i?o ma hope o ka ho?ohui ?ana i ka momona a me ka ho?oulu ?ana, ?o ke ?ano o ka ho?ohui pono ?ana i ka gluten, e ho?ohui i ka wai ma mua o ka huahana mana (me ka ?ole o ka gluten), ?oi aku ka lō?ihi o ka ho?oulu ?ana.
Ka ho?ohana ?ana i ka gluten i ka ?oihana hānai

Me ka ho?omaika?i ?ana i nā kūlana ola o nā kānaka a me ka ho?ololi ?ana o ka mea?ai, ?a?ole wale nā ????kānaka e hālāwai me nā huahana ku?una, akā ke koi pū kekahi i nā huahana wai ki?eki?e a me nā huahana holoholona ki?eki?e-protein.
I ka ?oihana hānai, ho?ohana ?ia ka gluten e hana i nā huahana wai ki?eki?e e like me ka pāpa?i, eel, shrimp a me nā mea ?ai mea?ai ?ē a?e a me nā mea ho?ohui mea?ai, ?a?ole ia e ho?omaika?i wale i ka waiwai o ka mea?ai, akā e ho?omaika?i pū i ka nui o ka ho?ohana ?ana i ka hānai i ka hana ?ana i ka mea?ai i ho?oku?u ?ia.

I ka 30-80 ℃ ka mahana o ka gluten ki?eki?e, hiki iā ia ke ho?oulu koke i 2 mau manawa o ka nui o ka wai, kahi o ka protein ma 75% -80% (kahi malo?o). Ke komo ka pulupulu kumu malo?o i ka wai, e emi ana ka protein me ka ho?onui ?ana i ka wai, a hiki i ka nui o ka wai, ?o 65% ka wai, a he 25.27% ka protein. Hiki i kēia hana ke pale i ka ho?oka?awale ?ana o ka wai a ho?omaika?i i ka mālama ?ana i ka wai.
Ke hui pū ?ia ka gluten me nā mea ?ē a?e i ka mea?ai, a ma muli o kona ikaika adhesion ikaika, ma?alahi ka hana ?ana i nā pellets, ho?okomo ?ia i loko o ka wai ma hope o ka ho?omo?a ?ana i ka wai, ua ho?opiha piha ?ia nā ?āpana hānai i loko o ka ?ōnaehana pūnaewele pulu pulu a ho?oku?u ?ia i loko o ka wai, ?a?ole nalowale ka mea?ai, e ho?omaika?i nui i ka helu ho?ohana o nā holoholona.

Wahi a ka loiloi mea?ai mea?ai o ka gluten, he kumu protein kūlohelohe kūpono me ka nui o ka protein ki?eki?e a me ka ho?ohuihui amino acid. Pēlā nō, i ka ?oihana hānai, hiki ke ho?ohana ?ia kāna kumu protein maika?i loa i mea hānai no nā holoholona ki?eki?e a me nā holoholona.

?O ka mea?ai mea?ai, ka waiū mea?ai, ka hua manu a me ka waiū mea?ai, ka mea?ai mea?ai, ka nui o nā mea?ai e like me ka lō?ihi o ka gluten a me nā mea?ai ?ē a?e i hui pū ?ia i nā ?ano like ?ole, a e like me nā ?ano o ka hānai holoholona a me kona nele i nā mea pono no ka hui kūpono hiki ke hana ?ia i nā ?ano mea?ai kūikawā holoholona.

A ?o ka gluten ki?eki?e he "?ono wai?ona māmā" a i ?ole "?ono li?ili?i li?ili?i" ke hui ?ia me nā mea ?ē a?e e hana ai i ka mea?ai, hiki ke ?ōlelo ?ia he maika?i loa ka ?ono, kūpono loa i nā holoholona like ?ole, e ho?onui nui i ka ho?ohana ?ana i kāna hānai.
Ka ho?ohana ?ana i ka gluten i ka mea?ai mea?ai

Ua helu ?ia ka ?ai me ka ?i?o ?ole kekahi o nā ?ano mea?ai nui i ka wā e hiki mai ana. ?O ka ulu ?ana o ka po?e mea ?ai mea?ai ke ho?oikaika nei i kēia ?ano i mua. Eia nō na?e, nui nā ?ano mea?ai mea?ai, me nā mea?ai mea?ai ko?iko?i, hua manu a me nā mea?ai semi-mea?ai. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua pi?i wikiwiki ka hapa o ka mea?ai mea?ai i ka ho?okumu ?ana o ka mea?ai, ?oi aku ho?i ma nā ?āina Komohana.

Mana?o ka po?e kū?ai i ka mea?ai mea?ai no nā kumu like ?ole, e pili ana i nā pilikia olakino (46%), ka mālama ola holoholona (15%), nā hopohopo kaiapuni (4%), nā hopena o ka ?ohana a me nā hoaaloha (12%), nā hopohopo etika (5%), a i ?ole nā ????kumu maopopo ?ole (18%), e like me ka noi?i. ?O ka ho?omau mau ?ana o nā huahana ua paipai pū i ka hana ?ana i nā mea?ai mea?ai kūikawā.

?A?ole he mea hou ka ho?ohana ?ana i ka protein palaoa i nā mea?ai mea?ai. Ma mua o 100 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua kaulana nā huahana mea?ai e pili ana i ka protein palaoa ma Kina, Rūsia a me Asia Hema.
Ma muli o ka viscoelastic wheat protein, ua like ke ?ano o nā huahana me ka ?i?o, a maika?i ka chewability. Me ka ho?ohana ?ana i ka protein plasticized palaoa, hiki ke hana ?ia i nā ?ano mea?ai kūikawā like ?ole, e like me ka moa mea?ai, sausage vegetarian komohana, salakeke moa mea?ai, keke pāpa?i vegetarian a me ka barbecue vegetarian.
?O kēia mau huahana, ma waho a?e o ka loa?a ?ana o kahi ?ano like me ka ?i?o i ke ?ano, ka chewability a me ka helehelena ?olu?olu, kōkua pū kekahi i ka hā?awi ?ana i ka protein no ka mea?ai olakino. I ka hui ?ana, ?oki?oki a ?oki ?ia paha, hiki iā ia ke mālama i kahi ?ano fibrous a hana i kahi hi?ohi?ona like me ka ?i?o, a hiki ke ho?ohana ?ia ma ke ?ano he ?oko?a i nā mea waiwai maka?u, e hō?emi ana i ka huina kālā o ka huahana.

Ka ho?ohana ?ana i ka gluten i ka hana ?ana i ka ?i?o

I loko o nā makahiki, ua ho?ohana ?ia ka protein palaoa ikaika ma ke ?ano he mea ho?opili, ho?opiha a ho?ohui paha no ka ho?oili ?ana i ka ?i?o, a he nui nā noi hana hana.
Ho?ohana ?ia ma ke ?ano he mea ho?opili, hiki iā ia ke pā?ani i ke ?ano o ka ho?opili ?ana i ka ?i?o a ho?onui i ka viscosity a me ka elasticity o ka huahana i ho?opau ?ia. Ho?ohana ?ia no ka ?ai ?ana i ka steak, hiki iā ia ke hana i ke ?ano viscoelastic a ho?omaika?i i ka pa?a kala.
Ke ho?ohana ?ia no nā ?āpana moa palai, ho?omaika?i maika?i ?ia ka pa?a pa?a, juiciness a me ka pa?a ?ana o ka wai o ka huahana i ho?opau ?ia, a hiki ke ho?emi ?ia ka adhesion momona a hiki ke ho?emi ?ia ka pohō ?elemakule.
No ka ho'ōla ?ana i ka moa a i ?ole nā ???āpana ?i?o, hiki iā ia ke ho?omaika?i i ka ho?opili ?ana o ka huahana i ho?opau ?ia, ho?emi i ka nalowale o ka ho?ōla ?ana, a ho?omaika?i i ka hua o ka huahana.
I ka hana ?ana i nā huahana keke ?i?o, hiki ke ho?ohana ?ia ka protein palaoa ma ke ?ano he mea ho?opa?a a me ka wai absorption agent, hiki ke ho?omaika?i i ka waiwai slicing.

Eia kekahi, ho?ohana pinepine ?ia ka protein palaoa ma ke ?ano he mea ho?ohui a ho?opiha paha no nā huahana mince, hiki ke ho?omaika?i i ka hua o ka huahana a me ke kūpa?a ?elemakule. Ho?ohana nui ?ia nā huahana plasticized o ka protein palaoa i ka ?oihana mea?ai, mai ka ho?ohana ?ana i mea ho?ohui no nā huahana ?i?o a hiki i ka ho?oma?ama?a ?ana i ka berena pa?a i ka mea?ai a me nā mea?ai kūikawā.
I loko o nā makahiki, ho?ohana nui ?ia i ka hana maoli ?ana i nā huahana ?i?o, i ho?ohana ?ia e like me nā mea maka no ka hana ?ana i nā mea?ai penei:
?O ka hydrolyzed colloids/colloid, starch, a me nā polokina mea kanu plasticized. ?O nā huahana protein i ho?opa?a ?ia i ka palaoa, hiki ke komo i ?ekolu manawa i ko lākou kaumaha pono?ī o ka wai ke ?oki ?ia, ua ho?ohana maika?i ?ia i ka hana ?ana i nā hamburgers, nā mea?ai ?ono curry, nā huahana ?i?o i ho?omo?a ?ia, nā umauma moa palai a me nā nuggets moa.
No ka la?ana, hiki ke ho?ohana ?ia nā nuggets moa palai me ka hydrated wheat texture protein 30%. ?O ka ho?onui ?ana i ka ho?ohana ?ana i ka protein texture palaoa i ka hana ?i?o hiki ke hō?emi ma?amau i nā kumukū?ai hana ma 12% a 26%, ho?omaika?i i ka hua huahana ma 8% a 9%, a ho?omaika?i i ke ?ano huahana. ?A?ole pono e uhi i ka ?ono ?i?o ?ole a ho?ohui i nā mea ?ala, kahi mea e ho?emi ai i ke kumukū?ai hana o kēia ?ano mea?ai.
?O nā protein i ho?opa?a ?ia i ka palaoa he ?ano hi?ohi?ona like me nā ?i?o ?i?o, no laila e ho?onui ai i nā hi?ohi?ona holo?oko?a, ke ?ano a me ka ?ono o ka huahana. Hiki ke ho?ohana ?ia ma ke ?ano he mea ho?ohui no nā hamburgers, i loko o nā patties pre-cooked a me ka ?ole, hiki ke ho?ohui ?ia me ka hydrated wheat texture protein a hiki i 40%.

Ka ho?ohana ?ana i ka gluten i ka mea?ai i ho?opa?a ?ia i ka mea?ai

I kēia manawa, ho?omohala mau ka po?e i ka mea?ai wikiwiki olakino a i ?ole ka mea?ai olakino e ho?onui ai i ka ikehu a i ?ole ke kūkulu ?ana i ka ?i?o.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua ulu wikiwiki ka ?oihana mea?ai i ho?oikaika ?ia i ka ikehu a me ka protein. Hiki ke ho?ohana ?ia nā protein i ho?opa?a ?ia i ka palaoa i loko o ia ?ano mea?ai, no ka la?ana, ka mea?ai wikiwiki i ho?opa?a ?ia i ka ?oihana no ka ho?oikaika ?ana i ka ?ai. ?O kēia ?ano mea?ai i ho?opa?a ?ia i ka mea?ai i loa?a nā huaora, nā minerala a me nā protein e pono ai no ka mālama olakino.
?O ka huapalaoa plasticized protein, i loko o kēia ?ano mea?ai i ho?ohana ?ia e like me ka ho?omaika?i ?ana i ka mea?ai, hiki ke ho?opuka i kahi hopena ?olu?olu a palupalu. No ka mea, he ?ono ko?iko?i ke ?ano o ka ?ano palaoa, no laila ?a?ole pono e ho?ohui i nā mea ?ala, no laila ?oi aku ka maika?i o ka ho?okele waiwai.