?O ka Mannose a me ka glucose, ?oiai he ?ano molekala like like (C ? H ?? O ?), he mau aldoses lāua ?o C-2 isomers (?o ia ho?i, ?oko?a ke kuhikuhi o ka pū?ulu hydroxyl ma ka ?ātoma kalapona ?elua), akā ?oko?a ko lākou mau ala metabolic a me nā hana physiological. Hā?awi kēia i kahi ho?ohālikelike kiko?ī o kā lākou mau ?oko?a metabolic mai nā hi?ohi?ona he nui:

?

1. ?O ka ?ai ?ana o ka ?ōpū

Glucose:

?O ka lawe ?ana maika?i: Lawe ?ia ?o ia e SGLT1 (sodium glucose cotransporter 1) i loko o nā pūpū epithelial ?ōpū li?ili?i. He ki?eki?e loa ka helu absorption (>95%), hiki ke komo koke i ke kahe koko a ho?onui i ke kō koko.

Pili i ka sodium ion gradient. ?

Mannose:

?A?ole hiki ke ho?ohana ?ia: ma o ka ho?opuehu ma?alahi (e pili ana paha i nā mea lawe ?ohana GLUT e like me GLUT5 a i ?ole nā ala like). He ha?aha?a loa ka helu absorption (ma kahi o 10-20%), a ?o ka hapa nui o ka mannose i ho?opa?a ?ole ?ia e komo i loko o ke kolonā a ho?omo?a ?ia e ka ma?i bacteria intestinal a i ho?oku?u ?ia me nā feces.

2. Komo i ke koko

Glucose:

Ma hope o ka absorption, komo pololei ia i ke kahe o ka vein portal, e ho?onui wikiwiki i ke ki?eki?e o ke kō koko.

Mannose:

He ha?aha?a loa ka nui o ka absorption, a he ha?aha?a loa ka ne?e ?ana o ka mannose i loko o ke koko (ma kahi o 50 μ mol/L ka ho?okē ?ai plasma ma?amau, ?oi aku ka ha?aha?a ma mua o 4-6 mmol/L o ka glucose). ?A?ole hiki i ka ho?okele waha o ka mannose ke ho?ololi nui i ke ki?eki?e o ke kō koko.

3. ?O nā hana mua o ka lawe ?ana i ka ?i?o a me ka metabolism

Glucose:

Pili i ka insulin: Ua hilina?i nui ?ia ka lawe ?ana o ka glucose i ka ?i?o a me ka ?i?o adipose i ka hō?ailona insulin (ma o GLUT4 transporter).

Hexokinase/Glucokinase: Ma hope o ke komo ?ana i nā cell, ua phosphorylated e hexokinase (HK) (systemic tissue) a i ?ole glucokinase (GK) (liver) i ka glucose-6-phosphate (G6P). ?O kēia ka molekele hub kumu o ka metabolism kō.

Mannose:

?A?ole hilina?i i ka insulin: ?A?ole hilina?i ka lawe ?ana o ka ?ili i ka insulin.

Mannokinase (MK): Ua phosphorylated nui ia e ka mannokinase i loko o ke ake (me ka li?ili?i i loko o nā ?i?o ?ē a?e e like me nā pu?upa?a) i mannose-6-phosphate (Man-6-P). ?O kēia kahi hana nui e kaupalena ana i ka metabolism mannose.

Phosphomannose isomerase (PMI): Ho?ololi ?ia ?o Man-6-P i fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) e phosphomannose isomerase. ?O F6P kahi huahana waena o ke ala glycolysis.

4. ?O nā ala metabolic nui

Glucose:

Hā?awi i ka ikehu Glycolysis: Hiki iā G6P ke komo i ke ala glycolysis e hana i ka ikehu (ATP).

Glycogen synthesis: ?O ka synthesis a me ka mālama ?ana o ka glycogen i loko o ke ake a me nā ?i?o.

?O ke ala pentose phosphate: ho?opuka i ka NADPH a me ka ribose-5-phosphate (ho?ohana ?ia no ka hō?emi ?ana i ka biosynthesis a me ka synthesis nucleotide).

Fat synthesis: Ke loa?a ka nui, ho?ololi ia i momona.

Mannose:

Ho?ololi i loko o ka glycolytic intermediates: Ma hope o ka ho?ololi ?ana o ka PMI i ka F6P, hiki iā ia ke komo i ke ala glycolytic (hiki ke ho?ololi ?ia ka ?āpana hope i ka glucose a i ?ole ka oxidized piha no ka hā?awi ?ana i ka ikehu).

?O Glycosylation precursor: ?O kāna hana nui ka lawelawe ?ana ma ke ?ano he hui kō i ho?omaka no ka synthesizing i nā kaulahao kō i ho?opili ?ia me N! Hiki ke ho?ololi hou ?ia ?o Man-6-P i GDP mannose in vivo, e lawelawe ana ma ke ?ano he mea hā?awi pololei i nā koena mannose i glycoproteins a me glycolipids.

Glycosylation: ?O Mannose kahi mea nui o ke kaulahao oligosaccharide kumu i loko o ka protein N-linked glycosylation ho?ololi (e like me Man ? GlcNAc ?). Hana ?ia kēia ka?ina hana i loko o ka endoplasmic reticulum a me Golgi apparatus, a he mea ko?iko?i ia no ka ho?opili ?ana i ka protein, kūpa?a, localization, a me ka hana (e like me nā antibodies, hormone receptors, a me nā molekele adhesion cell).

Ho?ololi i ka glucose/glycogen: He ha?aha?a ka maika?i, a ?o kekahi mau ala glycolysis hiki ke ho?ohuli ?ia F6P e ho?ohua i ka G6P, a laila ho?ololi ?ia i ka glucose a i ?ole glycogen, akā li?ili?i ka ha?awina.

5. Nā hopena i ka glucose koko a me ka insulin

Glucose:

?O ke kō koko ki?eki?e loa: ?o ia ke kumu nui o ke kō koko.

Ho?oikaika ikaika i ka huna ?ana o ka insulin: ?ike pololei nā cell beta pancreatic i ka pi?i ?ana o ke kō koko a huna i ka insulin.

Mannose:

Aneane ?a?ole pili i ke kō koko: ?emi li?ili?i, metabolizes me ka hana ?ole o ka glucose, ?a?ole hilina?i i ka insulin.

?A?ole ho?oulu i ka huna ?ana o ka insulin: nele i nā hō?ailona ho?oulu koko koko.

6. Nā ?oko?a kumu i nā hana physiological

Glucose:

?O ka hana kumu: ?O ke kumu nui o ka ikehu wikiwiki (?oi aku ka lolo, nā ?i?o, a me nā ?āpana koko ?ula?ula), mālama i ke koko koko homeostasis.

Mannose:

?O ka hana kumu: He waiwai mua no ka biosynthesis glycosylation, e kāko?o ana i ke ?ano a me ka hana o nā glycoproteins a me glycolipids (ka ?ike cell, ka ho?ololi ?ana i nā hō?ailona, ??immunity, folding protein, etc.).

Hana ?elua: Kāohi i nā ma?i ?eha (ma ke kāohi ?ana i ka ho?opili ?ana i nā ma?i bacteria).

7. Nā ?oko?a ho?ohana lapa?au

Glucose:

?O ka ho?onui ?ana i ka ikehu (infusion), mālama hypoglycemic, ho?ā?o ho?omanawanui glucose.

Mannose:

Ka pale ?ana i nā ma?i ma?i urinary tract (ke kuhikuhi nui ?ia ?o Escherichia coli) a me ka mālama ?ana i nā ma?i glycosylation genetic kūikawā (e like me CDG Ib MPI deficiency).