Sugar, nke a makwaara d? ka carbohydrate, b? ihe d? mkpa na-edozi ah? na isi iyi ike nke ah? mmad?. Dabere na ?n? ?g?g? nke otu shuga, enwere ike kewaa shuga n'ime monosaccharides, oligosaccharides na polysaccharides. Glucose b? monosaccharide kacha ekesa n'okike, na ah? nwere ike itinye ya ozugbo iji nye ike. Mannose b?kwa monosaccharide, isomer nke glucose (Fig 1).

Sugar b? isiokwu a maara nke ?ma na mgbagwoju anya na nd? any? kwa ?b?ch?. Site na sucrose nk?t?, fructose ruo D-mannose a na-amagh?, taa, any? ga-ekwu maka kpakpando d? ala mana enwere ike - D-mannose.

N'af? 1976, mgbe nd? nch?p?ta n? na mb? na-am? ihe nd? na-emep?ta chlorinated nke sucrose, ha na-ach?p?ta na mberede otu ihe na-at? ?t? nke ukwuu, sucralose, b? nke a na-ewere d? ka ?ganihu d? mkpa n'?h?a nke sweeteners, n'ihi na sucralose ab?gh? naan? ?t?, kamakwa ? kw?siri ike, kwes?r? ekwes? maka iji nri na ihe ?????.

Usoro 1:

Iji 4-methyl-4-hydroxy-2-pentanone ( mmanya diacetone) d? ka ihe mmeghachi omume, mmiri d? ka ihe mgbaze, NaOBr aqueous ngw?ta na-eji maka mmeghachi omume halogenated, sochiri acidification na isobutanol mm?p?ta ......

Enwere ike iji HMB Ca na-akwalite uto akwara, welie ihe nchebe, belata cholesterol na obere njup?ta lipoprotein (LDL) n'ime ah? iji belata ihe omume nke ?r?a obi na ?r?a obi.

Isi ihe nke vitamin E capsules b? vitamin E, nke b? nke ?d? vitamin soluble ab?ba. Vitamin E capsules n'ozuzu nwere mmet?ta na ?r? nke imezi ihe mgbochi, ?r? ?m? nwa, na igbu oge ?ka nká.

Isi ?r? na ebumnuche:

HMB calcium b? metabolite b? isi metabolite nke amino acid yinye agb? n'ime ah? mmad?, nke na-ar? ?r? d? mkpa na njik? protein na an? ah? an? ah?, na-akwalite uto mkp?r? nd? akwara ma melite an? ah? italic.

Xylitol na shuga nwere nnukwu ?d?iche d? na nhazi, kalori, mmet?ta shuga ?bara na ah?ike eze. Xylitol b? ihe ?t? sitere n'okike nke a na-esi na ihe ?k?k? d? ka birch, oak, ?ka cob, na akpa okpete. Usoro kem?kal ya b? C ? H ?? O ?, nke sitere na mmanya shuga carbon ise, nke nwere uto nke ihe d?ka 90% nke sucrose, na-enye ihe d? ka 2.4 kcal nke ume kwa gram. N'?z? d? iche, shuga (d? ka sucrose) b? disaccharide nke mejup?tara glucose na fructose, na-enye ihe d? ka kcal 4 nke ike kwa gram. Inye ya nwere ike ime ka ?kwa shuga d? n'?bara na-abawanye ngwa ngwa.

Na nd? kwa ?b?ch?, any? na-an?kar? ka nd? mmad? na-ekwu banyere vitamin E.

Vitamin E, nke a makwaara d? ka vitamin E ma ? b? tocopherol, b? ihe d? mkpa nke ezin?l? vitamin na ihe d? mkpa maka ?h??, ?m?m?, ?bara mgbali, ?b?r? na ah?ike an? ah?.

Kedu isi mmalite nke vitamin E?

N'ezie, esemokwu banyere ma vitamin C ? nwere ike ?gw? oyi ka d?gidere kemgbe 1970s. Kemgbe ah?, ar?m?ka d? n'etiti "vitamin C d? irè" na "Vitamin C na-ad?gh? ar? ?r?" abawanyela, ma ak?k? ab?? ah? nwere echiche nke onwe ha, ma ha erubegh? nkwek?r?ta, ? na-esikwa ike ime ka ibe ha kwenye.