Ihe na-eme ka ?t? ?t?, nke a makwaara d? ka ihe nkwalite ?t?, na-ezo aka n'ihe nd? nwere ike ?kwalite ma ? b? meziwanye ?t? nri mb?. N'ime ?l? ?r? ekpomeekpo na ihe na-esi ísì ?t?, iji dozie mkpa ísì ?t?, na-agbakwunyekar? ihe nd? na-ekpo ?k? na-eme ka ? d?kwuo ?k?, belata ?n? ah?a, na-eme ka ísì ?t? d?kwuo nhazi, ?garanya, d? nro na ihe ezi uche d? na ya. A na-ekewa ekpomeekpo nri n'ime ?t? ?t? (d? ka strawberry, apple, peach, wdg) na ekpomeekpo nnu (d? ka ekpomeekpo ose, ?t? an?), ?t? an? b? ak?k? d? mkpa nke ?l? ?r? ?t? nri, ihe nkwalite an? ah? nwere ike kewaa n'ime ?d? 6 nd? a:

1) Nri ?t? monomer (Chemical): maltol, ethyl maltol, furfuryl mercaptan, furfuryl mercaptan, 2-mercapto-3-furan mercaptan, bis (2-methyl-3-furan) disulfide, methyl cyclopentenolone (MCP), wdg;

2) Umami nd? ?r?: Sodium glutamate (MSG), sodium inosine (IMP), sodium guanylate (GMP), sodium inosine + sodium guanylate (I+ G), monosodium succinate (MSS), disodium succinate (DSS), wdg;

3) Mman? nd? d? mkpa eke na ihe ?t? agwak?ta ha: d? ka mman? sesame, ekpomeekpo sesame na ?f?d? ngwa nri d? mkpa mman?, resins ma ? b? ihe ?t? agwak?ta;

4) Odorant emep?tara na mmeghachi omume Maillard: d? ka aldehydes ma ? b? ketones na cysteine ??emep?tara na mmeghachi omume nke obere obere hydrogen sulfide;

5) Ihe ?t? nd? ?z? sitere n'okike na ngwa nri: d? ka ?tinye obere an? ezi na ?t? ?k?k? na ?t? an? ehi, na ?tinye obere an? ?k?k? na an? ehi na ?t? an? ezi.

Nkwalite ?t? an? nwere njirimara nd? a:

1) ?n? ego ah? d? ntak?r?, mmet?ta nkwalite ísì ?t? d? ?r?ba ama;

2) Aroma enhancer n'onwe ya nwere ike ? gagh? eweta isi ísì, ma ? b? na ? gagh? agbanwe usoro na mejup?tara nd? ?z? na-esi ísì ?t? bekee, ma ? nwere ike ?gbanwe mmad? physiological ?r?, ya b?, ike mkpali nke mmad? irighiri irighiri irighiri akwara, na-emeziwanye ma na-emeziwanye uche nke mkp?r? nd? isi, na-ewusi nnyefe nke ozi ísì ?t?;

3) Belata ihe nd? ?z? na-esi ísì ?t? ma ? b? belata ekpomeekpo ikpeaz? site n'?kwalite ísì ?t? nke ukwuu, si otú ah? belata ?n? ah?a;

4) ?f?d? ihe na-esi ísì ?t? ? b?gh? nan? na-enwe mmet?ta nke ekpomeekpo, ma na-enwekwa mmet?ta d? mma nke na-esi ísì ?t?, nke nwere ike ime ka ísì ah? na-ahazi, d? nro, ?garanya, na ogologo oge na-ejisi ísì ?t?;

5) ?f?d? ihe na-eme ka ekpomeekpo nwere usoro ihe omimi p?r? iche, ma nwee ike imeghachi omume na ihe nd? ?z? na nhazi usoro iji mep?ta ihe nd? ?z? na-esi ísì ?t?, d? ka furanone, MCP, wdg;

6) ?n? ?g?g? nke onye na-ekpo ?k? na-enwe mmet?ta na-esi ísì ?t?. ?f?d? ihe na-esi ísì ?t? agagh? emet?ta isi ísì ?t? mgbe a na-eji ya mee ihe n'?t?t? d? ka maltol, ethyl maltol, wdg, ebe ?f?d? ngwa nri ga-eweta ísì na-ad?gh? mma mgbe ejiri ya mee ihe, d? ka furfuryl mercaptan, MCP, wdg;

7) N'ihi mmet?ta synergistic n'etiti nd? na-esi ísì ?t?, a na-ejikar? ha eme ihe ?n?.

Iwebata nd? na-akwalite ?t? an? d? iche iche

A, klas monomer ?t? oriri

(a) Maltol na ethyl maltol b? nd? na-esi ísì ?t? d? iche iche, na nyocha GC / MS nke ?f?d? ?t? an? ah? ch?p?tara na ak?k? d? ukwuu nke an? ah? gbakwunyere malt ma ? b? ethyl maltol, ego agbakwunyere nke 1% ruo 20% (ebe a na-ezo aka na ogo nke ngwa nri na ekpomeekpo, ewezuga ihe mgbaze). Maltol (Maltol, Veltol), aha ahia nke flavol, Palatone, Kopalin, aha kem?kal? 2-methylpyromeconic acid, nwere ísì p?r? iche d? ka shuga ude na-esi ísì ?t?, nke a k?wara d? ka caramel aroma, nke na-agbanwe agbanwe, na 93 ℃. Ethy Maltol (Vetol2plus), nke a na-akp? kem?kal? d? ka 2-ethyl pyromeconic acid, nwere caramel na-ad?te aka na ísì mkp?r? osisi, na-enwe uto d? ?t? nke ukwuu na ísì ?t? mkp?r? osisi na ngw?ta d? nro. Ha ab?? b? soluble na mmiri, ethanol na propylene glycol (PG) kwes?r? ??a nt? na isi 4 nd? a mgbe ? na-eji: 1) Ha ab?? nwere phenol hydroxyl, na k?ntakt? na ngwongwo ígwè ga-acha uhie uhie, ya mere zere iji ígwè ígwè; 2) N'okpuru ?n?d? acidic, mmet?ta mm?ba na-esi ísì ?t? d? mma, ma n'okpuru ?n?d? alkaline, mmet?ta ah? na-ebelata n'ihi nkw?s? nke ìgwè phenol hydroxyl; 3) Mmet?ta na-esi ísì ?t? nke ethyl maltol b? ihe d? ka ugboro 3-8 nke maltol, a p?kwara ibelata dose ah? mgbe ? na-eji nke mb?; 4) ? b?r? na ejiri ya na I + G, MSG, MCP na ihe nd? ?z? na-ekpo ?k?, ? nwere ike ?kwalite mmet?ta ah?.

(b) MCPMCP, nke a makwaara d? ka 3-methyl-1, 2-cyclopentenedione ma ? b? 3-methyl-2-hydroxy-2-cyclopentene-1-one, b? ?cha ma ? b? ìhè odo crystalline nt? nt? na maple na acerlike ísì, nke a na-ak?wakwa d? ka caramel ísì. Ach?p?tara ?n?n? ya na ?f?d? ?t? an?. MCP nwere ihe na-esi ísì ?t? yiri maltol na ethyl maltol, mana usoro ?gw?gw? ekwes?gh? ?d? ukwuu. N'okpuru ?n?d? ikpo ?k? d? elu, MCP ga-emeghekwa mgbanaka ah? wee meghachi omume na ihe nd? ?z? na-esi ísì ?t? iji mep?ta ?t? an? p?r? iche.

(3) Furfuryl Mercaptan, nke a makwaara d? ka k?f? mercaptan, 2-furanyl methylmercaptan. N'ihe d? elu, ? nwere isi s?lf? na-ad?gh? mma, mgbe a na-agbaze ya, ? na-esi ísì k?f? na an?. Ngwaah?a Furfuryl mercaptan 1% nke ?f?d? nnukwu ?l? ?r? na-emep?ta nwere ?t? an? ah? siri ike, an? a ?ara n'?k? (d?kwa ka an? ehi), na enwegh? ?t? k?f?. Nyocha GC/MS nke ?f?d? ?t? an? ch?p?tara na ?n?n? Furfuryl mercaptan d? n'??t??t?? d? iche iche, na ?t?t? akw?kw? kwadokwara ?r? furfuryl mercaptan ma t?? aro ka a gbakw?nye ya. N'iji ya eme ihe n'ezie, furfuryl mercaptan na-agbaze ka ? b?r? 1% nke oke oke ma tinyezie ya na ekpomeekpo an? na obere ego.

(4) Furaneol; Furanone) aha kem?kal 2, 5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3 (2H) -furanone, b? ihe ?t? nri, ihe na-eme ka ekpomeekpo, synergist. N'ihe d? ka af? 1960, a ch?tara ya na painiapulu ?h?r? na ofe beef, ya mere a na-akp?kwa ya bromelain. Furanone nwere painiapulu sitere n'okike, strawberry d? ka ísì ?t?, nke a k?wakwara d? ka ísì ?t? na-ere ?k?, na-esi ísì ?t? na-ap?ta ìhè, na-at? ?t?, nwere ike ime ka ísì ah? d?kwuo okirikiri ma na-ar? elu, ma nwee ?r? nke ichebe na ikpuchi uto na-ad?gh? mma. Otu ak?k? nke furanone dabara na ak?k? 5.5 ruo 6 nke ethyl maltol yana ak?k? 16 ruo 20 nke maltol n'?kwalite ísì na ichebe isi na-ad?gh? mma. Na nyocha GC/MS nke ?f?d? ?t? an?, ah?r? ?n?n? furanone, na oke ya nwere ike ?d? elu d?ka 5% nke oke ?t?. N'aka nke ?z?, furanone b?kwa ihe na-ebup?ta ekpomeekpo ?t? an?, nke nwere ike imeghachi omume na cysteine, cystine, ammonium sulfide na ihe nd? ?z? na-emep?ta ihe ?t? an?, ma na-emep?ta obere hydrogen sulfide. D?ka nyocha Ding Desheng siri kwuo, ?gbakw?nye furanone n'?d? ?k?k? nwere ike ?bawanye njup?ta na nguzozi nke ?t? ah? ma welie ?t? an? ah?. ?tinye furanone n'?d? an? ehi nwere ike ime ka ekpomeekpo na ?t? d?kwuo mma, na ire ?t? na ?t? ?t? na-abawanye nke ?ma, nke na-eme ka an? ah? na-at? ?t? kar?a, na-at? ?t? na ?t?. Ihe at? nke ngwa furanone, (I + G) na MSG ka egosiri na Teb?l 1.

(5) Nd? ?z? ekpomeekpo monomers na ?r?ba okpukpo na-eme ka na modulating mmet?ta b?: 2-methyl-3-furan mercaptan, bis (2-methyl-3-furan) disulfide, 2-methyl-3-methyl-mercaptan, 2-methyl-3-tetrahydrofuran mercaptan, wdg. Nd? a ekpomeekpo mmad? nwere ike na-eri na-eri an?, ma ha nwere ike na-eri nri na an?, ma ha nwere ike na-eri na an?, ma ha nwere ike na-eri na-eri na an?, ma ha nwere ike na-eri na an?. ego.

Ab??, klas onye nn?chite umami

(a) MSGMSG b? MSG, makwaara d? ka L-glutamate sodium, sodium glutamate. MSG b? isi enwegh? isi, yana umami, ?t? na ?t? nnu, ?n? ?z? uto b? 0.014%. MSG na-ar? ?r? na njedebe ihu nke ire na agba ab??, ma nwee mmet?ta siri ike nke mmet?ta umami na preconsciousness. Umami d?t? otu, na mmet?ta nke umami na-egosip?ta na etiti uche, na umami na-ab?a ngwa ngwa na-aga ngwa ngwa.

MSG nwere mmet?ta synergistic na IMP, GMP na (I + G). (MSG + IMP) Na 0.05 g / L oke mkpok?ta, mgbe MSG∶IMP = 1∶1, umami ruru oke ike; Na ngwak?ta nke MSG na IMP, ?n? ?g?g? d? ukwuu nke IMP m?bara site na efu ruo 50%, na ike nke umami m?bara n'?d? parabolic convex. ?n? ?g?g? d? ukwuu nke IMP m?bara site na 50% ruo 100%, na ike nke umami belatara n'?d? parabolic convex.

A na-ejik?ta MSG na (I + G) iji mep?ta MSG siri ike, 99% MSG + 1% (I + G) nwere ike ?bawanye ugboro 2, 98% MSG + 2% (I + G) nwere ike ?bawanye site na 3.5 ugboro; 96% MSG + 4% (I + G) nwere ike ?bawanye site na ihe nke 5. Na ntinye nke ?t? an?, a na-ejikar? MSG na-ejik?ta ya na (I + G), na ngwa a kap?r? ?n? gosip?tara na teb?l 1.

(2) IMP, GMP na (I + G) IMP na GMP d? n'?t?t? an? ?l? na ngwaah?a an? ?k?k? d? ka an? ehi, an? ezi na ?k?k?, na nri mmiri d? ka sardines, eels, pike na-acha ?cha na az? na-esi ísì ?t?. IMP na GMP nwere ekpomeekpo umami siri ike, na ike umami nke GMP d? ihe d? ka okpukpu at? kar?a nke IMP, a na-ejikar? ngwak?ta nke ab?? ah? eme ihe na az?mah?a (ya b?, I + G, IMP na GMP aka?nt? maka 50% nke ? b?la). MSG, IMP, GMP, (I + G) nwere ike ime ka ?t? an? ah? d?kwuo ?k?, zuru oke, kwalite ma melite ?t? an? ah?, nn?gidesi ike na ngh?ta siri ike.

(3) MSS na DSSMSS, DSS ab?? nwere umami na ?t? az? az? p?r? iche, ya mere a na-akp?kwa ya az?maah?a d? ka scallops, shellfish (d?ka an? clam, oporo, ejula, scallops, abalone, clams, wdg) umami main components, nwere ike iji mee ihe d? ka ihe na-eme ka nri mmiri na-ekpo ?k?. Ha ab?? nwere mmet?ta synergistic na MSG.

3.Natural mman? d? mkpa ma ? b? ihe ngwak?ta ya

Mman? d? mkpa a na-ejikar? eme ihe b? mman? sesame. Sesame na-esigh? ike nwere ihe nd? na-esi ísì ?t? d? ole na ole, naan? nwere ihe kar?r? ?d? aldehydes iri (d? ka valeraldehyde, hexal, heptanaldehyde, furfural, 5-methylfurfural, wdg), ?t?t? phenols (phenol, guaiacol, wdg) na ihe kar?r? ?d? 10 nke ihe nd? ?z? na-esi ísì ?t?. Otú ? d?, ka esichara sesame, ihe nd? na-esi ísì ?t? na ?n? ?g?g? ya na-abawanye nke ukwuu. G?nyere hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids, furans, phenols, lactones, pyrazines, pyrroles, pyridines, oxazoles, nitriles, thiazoles, thiophenes, mercaptans na sulfides na ?d? 17 nd? ?z? nke 208 ísì ?t?. Mman? Sesame ewep?tara na sesame Roast-ed nwere ísì siri ike yana nkwalite ísì ?ma. ? b?r? na ?ch?r? ?gbakwunye mman? sesame na ekpomeekpo mmiri, ? d? mkpa iji emulsify mman? sesame mb?, ma ? b?gh? ya, ihe omume nke ab?ba na-ese n'elu mmiri ga-eme mgbe agbakwunyere, na-emet?ta ?d?d? na àgwà nke ekpomeekpo. N'ime mman? agwak?tara ?n? ma ? b? mman? salad a na-ere ah?a, a na-etinyekar? mman? sesame iji mee ka ?t? ya d?kwuo mma, na-eme ka uru ngwaah?a ah? agbakwunyere. Na mgbakwunye na iji mman? sesame eke, a p?kwara iji ?t? mman? sesame mee ihe. Mgbe ísì mman? sesame eke esighi ike ma ? b? na àgwà ad?gh? eguzosi ike n'ihe, enwere ike idozi ya site n'?z? na-esi ísì ?t?.

Nke an?, mmeghachi omume Maillard iji mep?ta nd? na-akwalite ?t? ?t?

A k?wo ?d? mmeghachi omume a n'?t?t? ?m?m?, d?ka ?m?maat?: 1) VB1 → bis (2-methyl-3-furanyl) disulfide; 2) α-hydroxyl ketone + (NH4) 2S →H2S, wdg; 3) Aldehyde + (NH4) 2S →H2S, wdg; 4) Furanones na analogues nhazi ha + (NH4) 2S →H2S, wdg.

Iji belata ?n? ah?a an? ?t? an? ah? ma melite ike ya, njup?ta na nhazi ya, ? d? mkpa ?gbakwunye ihe ?t? an? ah?. Otú ? d?, ? b?gh? ihe ? b?la na-eme ka ekpomeekpo ? b?la nwere ike itinye ya na ?t? an?, n'ozuzu, MSG, (I + G), furanone, maltol na ethyl maltol d? mma maka ?d? an? d? iche iche, MSS, DSS maka ekpomeekpo mmiri, mman? sesame kwes?r? ekwes? maka an? ezi, an? ehi, ham, an? ?k? na ?d? ?t? nd? ?z?.