Mannose b? monosaccharide, soluble na mmiri, obere soluble na ethanol. Nt? nt? kristal na-enwegh? agba ma ? b? ?cha. ? na-ar? ?r? d? mkpa na metabolism nke mmad?, ?kachas? na usoro glycosylation nke protein nd? ak?wap?tara. ? na-esiri mmad? ike ?m?k?r? mannose, ah? mmad? ga-esikwa ya p?ta ngwa ngwa mgbe e richara ya, ?kachas? site na metabolism nke ak?r?, usoro usoro metabolic n'ozuzu ya d?kwa ihe d? ka awa asat?. Iri mannose anagh? ebute mm?ba nke shuga ?bara, yab? na ? b? ?d? shuga ?f?d? nd? nwere ?r?a shuga nwere ike iri. N'okike, mannose d? na ?n?d? efu na ?f?d? mkp?r? osisi, d? ka cranberries, apples, oranges, wdg. N'ime ah? mmad?, mannose na-ekesa n'an? ah? na ?bara niile, g?nyere akp?kp? ah?, ak?k? ah? na irighiri akwara. N'ime an? ah? nd? a, mannose na-etinye aka na njik? nke glycoproteins nke na-ach?kwa ?r? nke sistemu autoimmune. Nnyocha ?l? ?gw? gara aga egosila na mannose nwere ike ?gw? ma gbochie ?r?a urinary tract, ya mere a na-eji ?f?d? ngwaah?a ah?ike mba ?z? nwere mannose d? ka isi ihe na-eme ka ah? ike na usoro mmam?r?. Mannitol b? mmanya na-egbu egbu, nke a na-ebelatakar? site na shuga (mannose), b? isomers nke sorbitol, soluble na mmiri, ?cha crystalline nt? nt?, nwere uto d? ?t? d? ka sucrose. Enwere ike iji Mannitol ? b?gh? naan? d? ka ezigbo onye na-ah? maka ?kp?kp?, kamakwa d? ka ihe nchekwa protein lyophilized na ?f?d? ndenye ?gw?. Mmet?ta nchebe nke mannitol na protein met?tara itinye uche ya na nhazi ?d?d? ya, na ntinye ya na-ejik?ta ya na morphology mgbe ?f?d?. A na-ekwenyekar? na mannitol amorphous nwere ?r? nke na-eme ka protein guzosie ike ebe mannitol crystallized na-efunah? ?r? nchebe ya. Ngwunye nke Mannitol nke 1% ma ? b? ihe na-erugh? ya na-egbochi nch?k?ta ?gw? protein site na nhazi nke amorphous, mana nnukwu mannitol na-eme ka ? d? elu ma na-akwalite nch?k?ta ?gw? protein. Maka ?t?t? protein, ichekwa na 4 Celsius C b? naan? obere oge (ihe d?ka otu izu) ka nkwusioru gachara. Maka nchekwa ogologo oge, a na-at? aro ka ? kwadebe ihe nd? na-edozi ah? (nke ga-enwer?r? protein nd? na-ebu, d? ka 0.1% BSA, 5% HSA, ma ? b? 10% FBS) wee b?r? obere akpa oyi kp?nw?r? na -20 ℃ ma ? b? -80 ℃. ? d? mkpa ka ?zenar? oyi na agbaze ugboro ugboro, n'ihi na oyi na-ekpo ?k? na thawing ? b?la ga-eme ka protein kw?s? ?r?. A na-agbakwunye Trehalose na mannitol na 8% (oke site na olu) d? ka ihe nchebe lyophilized. Trehalose nwere ike igbochi ngbanwe nhazi nke ab?? nke protein yana ?gbat? na nch?k?ta protein n'oge lyophilization. Mannitol b?kwa ihe nchekwa lyophilized na ihe na-ejuputa nke nwere ike ibelata mkpok?ta protein ?f?d? mgbe lyophilization gas?r?. Ihe ndochi ah? nwere ike inye usoro kwes?r? ekwes? maka achicha oyi kp?nw?r? akp?nw?, na-enye aka n'?d? kwes?r? ekwes? nke ihe mgbochi ach?cha a m?r? am?, ma mep?ta oghere oghere. Porosity b? ihe d? mkpa maka sublimation nke mmiri oyi kp?nw?r?, na nnukwu pores nwere ike ?daba ngwa ngwa, ya mere enwere ike ibelata oge ihicha mb?. Mgbakwunye nke nd? na-eju ihe na-enyere aka ihicha isi mkp?mkp? (ngwaah?a okpom?k? Tp?Tg' ma ? b? Tc) oge ma enwere ike iji ya d? ka ?z? iji kwalite usoro biopharmaceutical lyophilization. ?t?t? mgbe, oke nke stabilizer na ndochi kwes?r? ?b? opekata mpe 1: 2 iji nye kristal d? mkpa nke filler. Ihe na-esi na ya p?ta na-enye nkwado igwe maka ihe nd? d? na steeti amorphous ha. N'elu Tg', ?n?d? amorphous guzobere site na usoro nkwadebe ad?gh? esi ike nke ?ma iji kwado ibu nke ya, ? ga-adaba na netw?k kristal. N'ihi nkwado igwe, enwere ike igbochi ?d?da n'agbanyegh? okpom?k? d? elu kar?a Tg' (ma ? b? ?b?na Tc). N'ime usoro na ntinye protein