???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ????. ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? β - D-mannuronic (M) ?-α - L-guluronic acid (G) ???????? ?????? (1 → 4). ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????, ?????, ????? ???' ?????. ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? 1938. ???? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? - COO - ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???????. ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ?????? ???????, - ???? COO - ???? ?-COOH, ???? ?????? ?????, ???????????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????, ?????? ?????????? ???????, ???? ?-PH ????. ???, ????? ?????? ?? ?????? pH ????????. ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?'? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????. ???? ?????? ??????? ???? Ca2+?-Sr2+, ?-Na+ ?????? G ????? ???????? ?? ??????, ?????? ?-G ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????, ???? ????? ??????'?. ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?'? ?? ????, ?? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????, ???????, ????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ??? ?????? ??????? ???, ???? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???????.