?????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ???. ?????? ???? β - D-??????????? ???? (M) ??? α - L-????????? ???? (G) ????? ?????? ??? ?? (1 → 4) ??????? ??????? ???. ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ????????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ?????, ??????????????, ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????. ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ???-?????? ???? ??? ?? 1938 ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????????????????? ???????? ???? ???? ????. ?????? ????????????? ?????? ???????? - COO - ????, ?? ???? ???????? ????????????? ????? ????????? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????. ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ????. ?????? ??????????, - ?????? COO - COOH ????? ????????? ????, ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????, ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ??? ????, ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? pH ????? ?????. COOH ?? ??? ???? ????, ?????? ?????????? ??????????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ????. ??????, ?????? ????????????? ??????? pH ??????????? ????. ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????. ?????? Ca2+ ??? Sr2+ ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????, ?????? G ????????? Na+ ???????? ???????? ?????????? ???? ??? G ????? ?????-?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????, ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????. ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????, ???????? ????????? ????, ???????, ????, ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ????? ????. ?? ???????? ?????????????, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ???? ???? ???? ???.