1.Calcium beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (CaHMB)

HMB is an intermediate product of leucine metabolism, which can promote protein synthesis and reduce its decomposition, accelerate fat consumption, delay muscle fatigue, and is a new nutritional supplement.

Stress during intense exercise causes damage to muscle cell membrane, and the rate of protein decomposition exceeds the rate of synthesis, resulting in net protein degradation. HMB can be used to synthesize cholesterol and repair muscle cell membranes quickly.

Studies have shown that supplementing HMB helps to improve endurance performance, and the supplemental dose of HMB is between 0.5g/d and 3g/d, and supplementing this dose during intense exercise has a positive effect on strength growth, lean body mass gain and body fat reduction.

Because the half-life of HMB is short, only 2 to 4 hours, if a large dose of HMB is taken at one time, the HMB concentration in the blood will return to normal after a few hours. Therefore, it is recommended that HMB be taken three times a day to help it play a better role, and HMB is better supplemented with other amino acids.

2.Lycopene

Studies have shown that lycopene has antioxidant, immune cell activation, cardiovascular protection and anti-aging effects. The antioxidant effect of lycopene is mainly manifested in its efficient quenching of singlet oxygen and scavenging of peroxide free radicals.

During intense exercise, acidic metabolites accumulate, free radicals are produced, and attack tissue cells, causing degradation or inactivation of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and other biomolecules, resulting in extensive damage to cell structure and function, which is shown as exercise anemia and exhaustive exercise after enhanced hemolysis, serum enzymes and myoglobin increase. Symptoms of muscle fatigue and delayed muscle soreness.

In addition, lycopene can protect phagocytes from oxidative damage, promote the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes, stimulate the function of T cells, enhance the ability of macrophages, cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells (NK), reduce the oxidative damage of lymphocyte DNA and promote the production of certain cytokines.

In addition, lycopene has the effect of increasing LDL degradation and lowering LDL(ox) levels, which can protect the cardiovascular system and reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. Lycopene has the advantages of abundant resources, safety and non-toxic, and its value has been gradually recognized by people. Although the research and production of lycopene in China is in its infancy, there are still many advantages.

3.Chito-oligosaccharides and their derivatives

Recent studies have shown that chitosaccharides and their derivatives have strong total reducing capacity, can effectively remove hydroxyl radicals and superoxide anions, reduce the production of malondialdehyde (MDA), and increase the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px).

Xu Qingsong et al fed mice with low, medium and high (50,167,500 mg· kg-1 · d-1) doses of chitosan oligosaccharides for one week, respectively, and found that medium and high doses of chitosan oligosaccharides could significantly inhibit the increase of MDA content in liver tissues of mice with liver injury (P<0.01), and increase the activity of SOD in liver tissues (P<0.05). Reduce the pathological damage of CCl4 liver cells.

The mechanism of chitosan oligosaccharides protecting liver may be due to its good antioxidant activity, which enhances the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as SOD in the body, alleviates the attack of free radicals on lipid membrane and mitochondrial membrane, and then reduces the content of MDA, a product of lipid peroxidation.

4.Wolfberry polysaccharides

Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP) has been widely used in food, but there are few studies on the effect of LBP supplementation on the immune function of athletes.

Li Lei's research shows that Lycium barbarum polysaccharide may contain rich SOD, which is a universal metal enzyme that can eliminate free radicals in organisms, and may achieve the role of regulating humoral immunity by eliminating free radicals.

5.Grape polyphenols

Recent studies at home and abroad have shown that grape polyphenols have many functions, such as anti-oxidation, anti-aging, protection of vascular endothelial cells and anti-cancer.

Grape polyphenols are phenolic compounds, containing more than two hydroxyl groups that are ortho to each other, and the acidic hydroxyl group on the benzene ring has a strong hydrogen supply capacity.

Its antioxidant mechanism is the same as that of other phenolic antioxidants, that is, as an excellent hydrogen donor, the formed free radicals can be heteroformed into stable free radicals through resonance, so as to deactivate free radicals and cut off the chain reaction of free radicals, thus delaying the chain reaction of automatic oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in fats into hydroperoxides, and play an antioxidant role.

Fan Haizhan confirmed the good effect of grape polyphenol (OPC) as a natural antioxidant, which can effectively reduce MDA levels in skeletal muscle and liver of rats after exhaustive exercise, improve SOD activity and the total antioxidant capacity of the body, and play a good role in eliminating the influence of a large number of free radicals on the body, enhancing exercise ability and delaying the generation of exercise fatigue.