Flavour Enhancer, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti flavor enhancer, imatanthawuza zinthu zomwe zimatha kuwonjezera kapena kusintha kukoma koyambirira kwa chakudya. M'makampani opanga zokometsera ndi onunkhira, kuti asinthe zosowa za fungo, nthawi zambiri amawonjezera zokometsera kuti ziwongolere mphamvu ya kukoma, kuchepetsa mtengo, ndikupangitsa kuti fungo likhale logwirizana, lolemera, lofewa komanso loona. Kukoma kwa chakudya nthawi zambiri kumagawika ku kukoma kokoma (monga sitiroberi, apulo, pichesi, etc.) ndi kukoma kwa mchere (monga zokometsera zokometsera, kununkhira kwa nyama), kukoma kwa nyama ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pamakampani opanga zakudya, zowonjezera zowonjezera nyama zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu 6 otsatirawa:

1) Chakudya chokoma monomer (Chemical) : maltol, ethyl maltol, furfuryl mercaptan, furfuryl mercaptan, 2-mercapto-3-furan mercaptan, bis (2-methyl-3-furan) disulfide, methyl cyclopentenolone (MCP), etc.;

2) Umami wothandizira: Sodium glutamate (MSG), inosine sodium (IMP), sodium guanylate (GMP), sodium inosine + sodium guanylate (I + G), monosodium succinate (MSS), disodium succinate (DSS), etc.;

3) Mafuta ofunikira achilengedwe ndi zokometsera zawo zosakanikirana: monga mafuta a sesame, kukoma kwa sesame ndi zonunkhira zina zofunika mafuta, utomoni kapena zokometsera zosakanikirana;

4) Odorants kwaiye mu Maillard anachita: monga aldehydes kapena ketoni ndi cysteine ??kwaiye anachita pang'ono kwambiri wa hydrogen sulfide;

5) Zokometsera zina zachilengedwe ndi zonunkhira: monga kuwonjezera kanyama kakang'ono ka nkhumba ndi nkhuku ku kukoma kwa ng'ombe, ndi kuwonjezera kanyama kakang'ono ka nkhuku ndi ng'ombe ku kukoma kwa nkhumba.

Chowonjezera kukoma kwa nyama chili ndi izi:

1) Kuchuluka kwake ndi kochepa, kununkhira kwa fungo ndikofunikira;

2) Aroma enhancer palokha sangapereke fungo, kapena kusintha kapangidwe ndi zikuchokera zinthu zina fungo, koma akhoza kusintha ntchito zokhudza thupi la munthu, ndiko kuti, kulimbikitsa kukondoweza wa munthu minyewa olfactory, kusintha ndi kusintha tilinazo kununkhiza maselo, ndi kulimbikitsa kufala kwa fungo;

3) Chepetsani kuchuluka kwa zinthu zina zonunkhira kapena kuchepetsa kukoma komaliza powonjezera kununkhira, motero kuchepetsa mtengo;

4) Zonunkhira zina sizimangokhala ndi zokometsera, komanso zimakhala ndi fungo labwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti fungo likhale logwirizana, lofewa, lolemera, komanso nthawi yayitali yosunga fungo;

5) Zowonjezera zokometsera zina zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera a mamolekyu, ndipo zimatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi zinthu zina pokonza kuti zipange zinthu zina zonunkhira, monga furanone, MCP, ndi zina;

6) Kuchuluka kwa zokometsera kumakhudza fungo. Zina zokometsera sizingakhudze kununkhira konse kwa kukoma komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito mochuluka, monga maltol, ethyl maltol, ndi zina zotero, pamene zonunkhira zina zidzatulutsa fungo losasangalatsa likagwiritsidwa ntchito mopitirira muyeso, monga furfuryl mercaptan, MCP, ndi zina zotero;

7) Chifukwa cha synergistic zotsatira pakati pa fungo zowonjezera, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito palimodzi.

Kuyambitsa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kukoma kwa nyama

A, edible flavor monomer class

(a) Maltol ndi ethyl maltol onse ndi zokometsera zamitundumitundu, pakuwunika kwa GC/MS za kukoma kwa nyama kunapeza kuti gawo lalikulu la kukoma kwa nyama limawonjezera chimera kapena ethyl maltol, kuchuluka kwa 1% mpaka 20% (apa akutanthauza kuchuluka kwa zonunkhira mu kukoma, kupatula zosungunulira). Maltol (Maltol, Veltol), dzina la malonda la flavol, Palatone, Kopalin, mankhwala dzina 2-methylpyromeconic acid, ali ndi fungo lapadera lofanana ndi mafuta otsekemera a kirimu, omwe amafotokozedwanso ngati fungo la caramel, losasunthika, losungunuka pa 93 ℃, Zogulitsa zachilengedwe zimapezeka mu chimera chokazinga, singano za paini, chicory. Ethy Maltol (Vetol2plus), yomwe imadziwika kuti 2-ethyl pyromeconic acid, imakhala ndi fungo lokhalitsa la caramel ndi fruity, ndi kukoma kokoma kwambiri ndi fungo lokoma la fruity mu njira yopyapyala. Zonsezi zimasungunuka m'madzi, ethanol ndi propylene glycol (PG) ziyenera kumvetsera mfundo za 4 zotsatirazi mukamagwiritsa ntchito: 1) Zonsezi zimakhala ndi phenol hydroxyl, ndipo kukhudzana ndi zitsulo zachitsulo kudzakhala zofiira, choncho pewani kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo zachitsulo; 2) Pansi acidic mikhalidwe, fungo kuwongola zotsatira zabwino, koma pansi zinthu zamchere, zotsatira yafupika chifukwa dissociation wa phenol hydroxyl gulu; 3) Kununkhira kwa fungo la ethyl maltol kuli pafupifupi nthawi 3-8 kuposa maltol, ndipo mlingo ukhoza kuchepetsedwa mukamagwiritsa ntchito wakale; 4) Ngati kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi I + G, MSG, MCP ndi zokometsera zina, zitha kupititsa patsogolo.

(b) MCPMCP, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti 3-methyl-1, 2-cyclopentenedione kapena 3-methyl-2-hydroxy-2-cyclopentene-1-one, ndi woyera kapena kuwala chikasu crystalline ufa ndi mapulo ndi fungo la acer, lomwe limatchedwanso fungo la caramel. Kukhalapo kwake kunadziwika mu zokometsera zina za nyama. MCP ili ndi zokometsera zofanana ndi maltol ndi ethyl maltol, koma mlingo usakhale wochuluka. Kutentha kotentha kwambiri, MCP itsegulanso mphete ndikuchitapo kanthu ndi zinthu zina zonunkhira kuti ipange kukoma kwapadera kwa nyama.

(3) Furfuryl Mercaptan, wotchedwanso coffee mercaptan, 2-furanyl methylmercaptan. M'malo ambiri, imakhala ndi fungo losasangalatsa la sulfure, ndipo ikasungunuka, imanunkhira khofi ndi nyama. Zogulitsa 1% za furfuryl mercaptan zopangidwa ndi makampani ena akuluakulu zimakhala ndi nyama yokoma kwambiri, nyama yowotcha (komanso ngati ng'ombe), ndipo sizikhala ndi kukoma kwa khofi. Kusanthula kwa GC/MS pazakudya zina za nyama kudazindikira kupezeka kwa furfuryl mercaptan m'machulukidwe, ndipo mapepala ambiri adatsimikiziranso gawo la furfuryl mercaptan ndikuti awonjezere kuchuluka. Pogwiritsidwa ntchito kwenikweni, furfuryl mercaptan imachepetsedwa kukhala 1% gawo lalikulu ndikuwonjezeredwa ku kukoma kwa nyama pang'ono.

(4) Furaneol; Furanone) mankhwala dzina 2, 5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3 (2H) -furanone, ndi kukoma chakudya, kukoma enhancer, synergist. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1960, adapezeka mu chinanazi chatsopano ndi supu ya ng'ombe, choncho amatchedwanso bromelain. Furanone ili ndi chinanazi chachilengedwe, sitiroberi ngati fungo lonunkhira, lomwe limafotokozedwanso ngati fungo lokoma lowotchedwa, lokhala ndi fungo lodziwika bwino, kununkhira kotsekemera, kumatha kupangitsa kuti fungo likhale lozungulira komanso lodzaza, ndipo limagwira ntchito yoteteza ndi kubisa kukoma kosasangalatsa. Gawo limodzi la furanone ndi lofanana ndi 5.5 mpaka 6 magawo a ethyl maltol ndi 16 mpaka 20 magawo a maltol powonjezera fungo ndi kuteteza fungo losasangalatsa. Pakuwunika kwa GC/MS pazakudya zina za nyama, kupezeka kwa furanone kunadziwika, ndipo kuchuluka kwake kumatha kukhala 5% ya kukoma kwake. Komano, furanone ndi kalambulabwalo kalambulabwalo wa nyama kukoma, amene amatha kuchita ndi cysteine, cystine, ammonium sulfide ndi zinthu zina kupanga nyama kukoma zinthu, ndi kupanga pang'ono kwambiri wa hydrogen sulfide. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa Ding Desheng, kuwonjezera furanone ku nkhuku kungathe kuonjezera kudzaza ndi kukoma kwabwino ndikuwonjezera kukoma kwa barbecue. Kuonjezera furanone ku nyama ya ng'ombe kungapangitse kukoma ndi kununkhira kwambiri, ndipo kutsekemera ndi kukoma kokoma kumawonjezeka kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti nyama imve kukoma kwambiri, yowutsa mudyo komanso yowutsa mudyo. Zitsanzo za ntchito za furanone, (I + G) ndi MSG zikuwonetsedwa mu Table 1.

(5) Ma monomers ena onunkhira omwe ali ndi fungo labwino lowonjezera komanso kuwongolera ndi: 2-methyl-3-furan mercaptan, bis (2-methyl-3-furan) disulfide, 2-methyl-3-methyl-mercaptan, 2-methyl-3-tetrahydrofuran mercaptan, ndi zina zotero. ndalama.

Awiri, umami agent class

(a) MSGMSG ndi MSG, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti L-glutamate sodium, sodium glutamate. MSG ilibe fungo, yokhala ndi umami, zokometsera zotsekemera komanso zamchere, ndipo malire amakoma ndi 0.014%. MSG imagwira kutsogolo kwa lilime ndi nsagwada ziwiri, ndipo imakhala ndi chidziwitso champhamvu cha umami ndi chidziwitso. Umami ndi wotopetsa, ndipo zotsatira za umami zimawonekera pakati, ndipo umami umabwera mofulumira ndikupita mofulumira.

MSG imakhala ndi synergistic effect ndi IMP, GMP ndi (I + G). (MSG + IMP) Pa 0.05 g/ L mass concentration, pamene MSG∶IMP = 1∶1, umami inafika pamlingo waukulu; Pakusakaniza kwa MSG ndi IMP, gawo lalikulu la IMP lidakwera kuchoka pa ziro kufika pa 50%, ndipo mphamvu ya umami idakula mu mawonekedwe a convex. Gawo lalikulu la IMP linakwera kuchoka pa 50% kufika pa 100%, ndipo mphamvu ya umami inatsika mu mawonekedwe a convex parabolic.

MSG nthawi zambiri imasakanizidwa ndi (I + G) kuti ipange MSG yamphamvu, 99% MSG + 1% (I + G) ikhoza kuwonjezeka ndi nthawi 2, 98% MSG + 2% (I + G) ikhoza kuwonjezeka ndi nthawi 3.5; 96% MSG+ 4% (I + G) ikhoza kuwonjezeredwa ndi 5. Pogwiritsira ntchito kukoma kwa nyama, MSG imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pamodzi ndi (I + G), ndipo ntchito yeniyeni ikuwonetsedwa mu Table 1.

(2) IMP, GMP ndi (I + G) IMP ndi GMP zilipo zochuluka kwambiri mu ziweto ndi nkhuku monga ng'ombe, nkhumba ndi nkhuku, ndi nsomba za m'nyanja monga sardines, eels, pike zoyera ndi nsomba zonunkhira. IMP ndi GMP zimakhala ndi umami wokoma kwambiri, ndipo mphamvu ya umami ya GMP ndi pafupifupi nthawi 3 kuposa IMP, ndipo kusakaniza kwa ziwirizi kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pa malonda (ie, I + G, IMP ndi GMP akaunti ya 50% iliyonse). MSG, IMP, GMP, (I + G) imatha kupangitsa kuti kununkhira kwa nyama kukhala kokulirapo, koyenera, kumapangitsanso kununkhira kwa nyama, kulimbikira komanso kulingalira mwamphamvu.

(3) MSS ndi DSSMSS, DSS onse ali ndi umami ndi kukoma kwa nkhono zapadera, choncho amadziwikanso malonda monga scallops, nkhono (monga nyama ya clam, oyster, nkhono, scallops, abalone, clams, etc.) umami zigawo zazikulu, zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zokometsera zam'nyanja. Onse ali ndi synergistic zotsatira ndi MSG.

3.Natural zofunika mafuta kapena blended ake osakaniza

Mafuta ofunikira omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mafuta a sesame. Sesame wosakazinga uli ndi fungo lochepa kwambiri, lokhala ndi mitundu yoposa 10 ya aldehyde (monga valeraldehyde, hexal, heptanaldehyde, furfural, 5-methylfurfural, etc.), phenol angapo (phenol, guaiacol, etc.) ndi mitundu yopitilira 10 yazinthu zina zonunkhira. Komabe, pambuyo pakuwotcha sesame, zigawo zake zonunkhira komanso kuchuluka kwake zimawonjezeka kwambiri. Kuphatikizapo ma hydrocarbon, mowa, aldehydes, ketoni, zidulo, furans, phenols, lactones, pyrazines, pyrroles, pyridines, oxazoles, nitriles, thiazoles, thiophenes, mercaptans ndi sulfides ndi magulu ena 17 a 208 aromas substances. Mafuta a Sesame otengedwa ku Sesame Wowotcha ali ndi fungo lamphamvu komanso fungo labwino. Ngati mukufuna kuwonjezera mafuta a sesame ku kukoma kwa madzi, m'pofunika kutulutsa mafuta a sesame poyamba, mwinamwake chodabwitsa cha mafuta oyandama chidzachitika pambuyo powonjezera, zomwe zimakhudza maonekedwe ndi khalidwe la kukoma. M'mafuta ena opangidwa ndi malonda kapena mafuta a saladi, mafuta a sesame nthawi zambiri amawonjezeredwa kuti awonjezere kukoma, kupititsa patsogolo phindu la mankhwala. Kuwonjezera pa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a sesame achilengedwe, mafuta a sesame angagwiritsidwe ntchito. Pamene kununkhira kwachilengedwe kwamafuta a sesame sikuli kokwanira kapena khalidweli ndi losakhazikika, likhoza kuthetsedwa ndi njira yonunkhira.

Chachinayi, kachitidwe ka Maillard kuti apange zowonjezera zokometsera

Kuchita kwamtunduwu kwafotokozedwa m'maphunziro ambiri, mwachitsanzo: 1) VB1 → bis (2-methyl-3-furanyl) disulfide; 2) α-hydroxyl ketone + (NH4) 2S →H2S, etc.; 3) Aldehyde + (NH4) 2S →H2S, etc.; 4) Furanones ndi ma analogue awo + (NH4) 2S →H2S, etc.

Pofuna kuchepetsa mtengo wa kukoma kwa nyama ndikuwonjezera mphamvu zake, kudzaza ndi kugwirizanitsa, m'pofunika kuwonjezera chowonjezera cha nyama. Komabe, si onse kununkhira enhancer angagwiritsidwe ntchito kununkhira nyama, ambiri, MSG, (I + G), furanone, maltol ndi ethyl maltol ndi oyenera zosiyanasiyana kununkhira nyama, MSS, DSS kwa kununkhira nsomba, Sesame mafuta ndi oyenera nkhumba, ng'ombe, ham, soseji ndi mitundu ina ya kukoma.