Mmene gilateni pa rheological katundu Zakudyazi ndi ntchito yake

Mchitidwewu umasonyeza kuti kupanikizika kwa extrusion, mphamvu yopindika ndi kupanikizika kwa bar pambuyo powonjezera gluten mwachiwonekere bwino, makamaka zotsatira za macaroni ndizodabwitsa kwambiri.

Zotsatira za kuwonjezera gilateni pa nthawi yowotchera mtanda ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwake

Malinga ndi kafukufuku woyesera pa kuchuluka kwa gluten wowonjezera, ufa wogwiritsidwa ntchito unali ufa wapadera wa mkate wopangidwa ndi Huangshi, ndipo chidacho chinali Brabander fermenter. Zinapezeka kuti mkati mwamtundu wina, nthawi yowotchera ya mtanda imafupikitsidwa pang'onopang'ono ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa gilateni.

Zili choncho chifukwa ufa ndi madzi zikasakanizidwa, mapuloteni ndi madzi zimayenderana n’kupanga mawonekedwe a mbali zitatu za viscoelastic. Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa gluten, kumapangitsa kuti ma network a gluten azitha kukhala ndi mpweya wambiri, kotero kuti mtanda ukhoza kukula mofulumira. Ngati nayonso mphamvu ikapitirira, mpweya wopangidwa ndi nayonso mphamvu udzatambasula mawonekedwe a mamolekyu a mapuloteni. Pochita izi, intermolecular -SS- idzasinthidwa kukhala intramolecular -SS-, monga kusakaniza kwakukulu kumapangitsa kuti kusungirako mpweya kuwonongeke, kotero kuti kuchuluka kwa gilateni kumawonjezeka, nthawi ya fermentation ya mtanda imafupikitsidwa pang'onopang'ono.
Zotsatira za gluten paubwino wa zinthu zophikidwa ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito kake

Sankhani ufa wapadera wa mkate wogulitsidwa pamsika, kudzera mukuyesa kudziwa mawonekedwe ophika mkate wokhala ndi mulingo wosiyanasiyana wa gilateni, mawonekedwe ophika a mkate amakhala bwino mukawonjezera ufa wa gilateni. Komabe, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa kuti kuchuluka kwa kuwonjezereka kwake sikungawonjezeke popanda malire, chifukwa mutatha kuwonjezereka kumlingo wakutiwakuti, kuwonjezeka kwa voliyumu kumakhala kochepa, ndipo padzakhala mizere yambiri pamphepete mwa mtanda wa mkate, kuti khungu lisakhale losalala, komanso lingapangitse kuti mkate uwoneke wowotchedwa ndipo thupi silikupsa, ndipo silili lachuma. Zomwe zimawonjezeredwa ku mapuloteni a 13% mpaka 14% ndizoyenera kwambiri.

Mwachidule, pakuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa gilateni, mawonekedwe apakati a mkate ndi abwino, ma pores ndi ofanana ndi masiponji, mawonekedwe ake amakhala bwino, ndipo kuchuluka kwa mkate kumawonjezeka, ndipo mkate umakhala wotanuka.

Kuphatikiza apo, mtundu wa zinthu zophikidwa makamaka chifukwa cha zomwe Maillard amachita ndi caramelization reaction. Ndi kuwonjezera kwa gluteni, gulu la amino laulere la mapuloteni limagwirizana ndi shuga, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti Maillard ayankhe, kotero kuwonjezeka kwa gluten kumapangitsa kuti mkate ukhale wakuda, kukoma kwamphamvu komanso zotsatira zabwino.

Kugwiritsa ntchito gluten m'makampani azakudya

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa gilateni m'munda wa chakudya kumaphatikizapo zinthu za ufa, phala, zinthu za granular ndi fiber muzinthu zachikhalidwe, monga gluten yowotcha, mildew gluten, nyama yakale, nkhuku yamasamba, bakha wamasamba, soseji wamasamba, gluten yamafuta ndi zina zotero.
Poyerekeza ndi mapuloteni a soya, mawonekedwe ake apadera a viscoelasticity ndi emulsification ndi ubwino wina wosiyana, ndipo ali ndi zakudya zambiri ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri m'makampani a zakudya. Ndi kusintha kwa khalidwe la gilateni, makamaka chitukuko cha luso la kupanga gilateni ya denatured ndi kutsika kwadzidzidzi kutentha kwa kutentha, kukula kwake kwagwiritsidwa ntchito kwakulitsidwa, ndipo tsopano kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa ziweto ndi zoyengedwa zam'madzi. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri mu zolimbitsa zotanuka kuti apititse patsogolo kukula ndikugwiritsa ntchito ngati zolimbitsa thupi.
Kugwiritsa ntchito gluten muzinthu zanyama zanyama

Gluten amagwiritsidwa ntchito muzakudya za nyama, ndipo kutentha kwake (kukhazikika) ndiye chifukwa chachikulu chakuchedwa kwake.
Nthawi zonse, kutentha kwamphamvu kwa gilateni kumakhala pamwamba pa 80 ° C, ndipo kutentha kwa kutentha kwa ng'ombe ndi 70-75 ° C, pa kutentha kochepa, gilateni ndizovuta kusewera chifukwa chake.
Choncho, gilateni ntchito processing wa ziweto ziweto zambiri denatured gilateni kukonzedwa ndi kuchepetsa wothandizila kapena michere pamlingo wina, chifukwa kutentha coagulation kutentha gilateni denatured yafupika pafupifupi 65-70 ° C, kotero angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati kulimbikitsa zotanuka mu soseji mankhwala, kuchuluka kuwonjezera ndi 2% -3%. Pamene gilateni imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu soseji yamafuta a nyama ndi zinthu zina, emulsification yake imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.

Kugwiritsa ntchito gilateni muzinthu zam'madzi

Pambuyo powonjezera gilateni ku keke ya nsomba, gilateniyo adabwereranso mumndandanda wamtundu wa gilateni wosasunthika mwa kuyamwa madzi, ndipo nthawi yomweyo, gilateniyo idatambasulidwa mofanana mu nyama itatha kukanda. Kupyolera mu kutentha, gilateni inapitirizabe kuyamwa madzi ndi kutentha kwa denaturate, zomwe zinachititsa kuti kulimbitsa mphamvu ya keke ya nsomba.
Zowonjezerazo nthawi zambiri zimayendetsedwa pa 2% -4% ndizokwanira, koma ziyenera kuonjezedwa kapena kuchepetsedwa malinga ndi zopangira, cholinga chogwiritsira ntchito, ndi zina zotero, mutatha kuwonjezera mpaka madzi atasungunuka kwathunthu, gwedezani, ndikuwonjezera nthawi 1-2 kuchuluka kwa gilateni pakufunika. Mwachitsanzo, kuwonjezera kwa gilateni mu mipira ya nsomba yokazinga kungakhale ndi zotsatira zofanana, makamaka kwa masamba ambiri osakanikirana ndi zipangizo zina zopangira, zomwe zingathe kupititsa patsogolo kumamatira ndikuletsa kusungunuka ndi kukhudza kuchepa chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa madzi a masamba.

Popanga soseji ya nsomba, kuchokera ku chitetezo cha zakudya, nthawi zambiri sagwiritsa ntchito zotetezera, m'malo mogwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwa kutentha kwa kutentha kuti akwaniritse cholinga cha kutseketsa kwapamwamba. Komabe, ngati chi?erengero cha nsomba zotsika kwambiri za minced mu zopangira ndi zapamwamba, ndiye kuti kutentha kwapamwamba kwambiri kumakhala kosavuta mwachibadwa kuchititsa kuti khalidwe la mankhwala likhale lochepa, ndipo kuwonjezera kwa gluten kungathe kukwaniritsa cholinga choletsa vutoli.
Powonjezera gilateni kuti abwerere ku gilateni, ndiyeno kudzaza thumba ndi kuyeza mphamvu ya gel osakaniza mukamatenthedwa kutentha kosiyanasiyana, kutentha mpaka 130 ° C, mphamvu ya gel siinachepe.
Kuchuluka kwa gilateni anawonjezera nsomba soseji ndi 3% -6%, koma ayenera kusintha kuchuluka malinga ndi dziko zipangizo, yolera yotseketsa mikhalidwe, nthawi kuwonjezera gilateni ku nyama ayenera kusankhidwa pambuyo kuwonjezera mafuta ndi oyambitsa, njira ndi mwachindunji kuwonjezera gilateni, kuwonjezera madzi ayenera kukhala kuposa mankhwala kulamulira (popanda gilateni), oyambitsa nthawi yaitali pang'ono.
Kugwiritsa ntchito gluten m'mafakitale a chakudya

Ndi kusintha kwa moyo wa anthu komanso kusiyanasiyana kwa zakudya, anthu samangokumana ndi zinthu zachikhalidwe, komanso kufunikira kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zam'madzi zam'madzi ndi mapuloteni ambiri anyama.
M'makampani azakudya, gilateni imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zam'madzi zapamwamba kwambiri monga nkhanu, eel, shrimp ndi zina zomangira chakudya komanso zowonjezera zopatsa thanzi, zomwe sizimangowonjezera phindu lazakudya, komanso zimathandizira kuti chakudya chigwiritsidwe ntchito popanga chakudya choyimitsidwa, kuyimitsidwa kwake pambuyo pa kuyamwa kwamadzi ndi kuyamwa kwachilengedwe.

Kutentha kwa gilateni wapamwamba kwambiri ndi 30-80 ℃, kumatha kutulutsa madzi kuwirikiza kawiri kuchuluka kwa madzi, pomwe mapuloteni ake ndi 75% -80% (malo owuma). Pamene gilateni youma imatenga madzi, mapuloteni amachepa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa madzi, mpaka atatenga madzi okwanira, madzi ndi 65%, ndipo mapuloteni ali 25.27%. Kuchita uku kungalepheretse kulekanitsa kwa madzi ndikuwongolera kusunga madzi.
Pamene gilateni mokwanira kusakaniza ndi zosakaniza zina mu chakudya, ndipo chifukwa cha mphamvu adhesion mphamvu, n'zosavuta kupanga pellets, anaika m'madzi pambuyo kuyamwa madzi, chakudya particles mokwanira yokutidwa mu chonyowa dongosolo gilateni maukonde ndi inaimitsidwa m'madzi, ndi zakudya si kutayika, amene kwambiri bwino ntchito mlingo wa nyama.

Malinga ndi kusanthula kwa kaphatikizidwe ka gilateni, ndi gwero labwino la mapuloteni achilengedwe okhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri komanso ma amino acid okwanira. Mofananamo, m'makampani opanga zakudya, mapuloteni ake abwino kwambiri amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya cha ziweto zapamwamba komanso ziweto.

Zamasamba, zamasamba zamkaka, zamasamba zamkaka, dzira ndi mkaka, zamasamba zamasamba, zamasamba zambiri bola ngati gilateni ndi mapuloteni ena a chakudya amasakanikirana mosiyanasiyana, ndipo molingana ndi mawonekedwe a chakudya chanyama komanso kusowa kwake kwa zinthu zofunika pakusakaniza koyenera kungapangidwe kukhala mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazakudya zapadera za nyama.

Ndipo gilateni yapamwamba imakhala ndi "kukoma kwa mowa wopepuka" kapena "kukoma kwambewu pang'ono" ikasakanizidwa ndi zinthu zina zopangira chakudya, tinganene kuti kukoma kumakhala koyenera, makamaka koyenera kwa ziweto zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimawonjezera kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito chakudya chake.
Kugwiritsa ntchito gilateni muzakudya zamasamba

Zakudya zopanda nyama zalembedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwazakudya zofunika kwambiri m'tsogolomu. Kuchulukirachulukira kwa anthu osadya masamba kukupititsa patsogolo mchitidwewu. Komabe, pali mitundu yambiri ya zakudya zamasamba, kuphatikizapo zakudya zamasamba, mazira ndi zamasamba. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, chiwerengero cha zamasamba zakudya zikuchokera zakudya chawonjezeka mofulumira, makamaka m'mayiko a Kumadzulo.

Ogula amayamikira zakudya zamasamba pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo nkhawa za thanzi (46%), chitsimikizo cha moyo wa zinyama (15%), zovuta zachilengedwe (4%), zikoka za banja ndi abwenzi (12%), nkhawa zamakhalidwe (5%), kapena zifukwa zina zosatsimikizika (18%), malinga ndi kafukufukuyu. Kupanga zinthu zatsopano mosalekeza kwalimbikitsanso kupanga zakudya zapadera zamasamba.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mapuloteni a tirigu muzakudya zamasamba si chinthu chatsopano. Zaka zoposa 100 zapitazo, zinthu zolowa m'malo mwa nyama zochokera ku mapuloteni a tirigu zakhala zikudziwika ku China, Russia ndi Southeast Asia.
Kutengera ndi mapuloteni a tirigu a viscoelastic, zogulitsazo zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi nyama, ndipo zimakhala ndi chewability yabwino. Pogwiritsa ntchito mapuloteni apulasitiki a tirigu, amatha kupangidwa kukhala zakudya zosiyanasiyana zapadera zamasamba, monga nkhuku yamasamba, soseji ya kumadzulo yamasamba, saladi ya nkhuku yamasamba, keke ya nkhanu yamasamba ndi barbecue yamasamba.
Zogulitsazi, kuwonjezera pa kukhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi nyama m'mapangidwe, kutafuna komanso mawonekedwe osangalatsa, zimathandizanso kupereka mapuloteni kuti azidya bwino. Akasakanizidwa, odulidwa kapena ophwanyidwa, amatha kusunga mawonekedwe a ulusi ndi kupanga maonekedwe a thupi, ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati njira yopangira zipangizo zodula kwambiri, kuchepetsa mtengo wonse wa mankhwala.

Kugwiritsa ntchito gluten pakupanga nyama

Kwa zaka zambiri, mapuloteni ambiri a tirigu akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chomangira, chodzaza kapena chowonjezera pokonza nyama, ndipo ali ndi ntchito zambiri zopangira.
Imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chomangira, imatha kugwira ntchito yolumikizira nyama ndikuwonjezera kukhuthala komanso kukhazikika kwa chinthu chomalizidwa. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito powotcha nyamayi, imatha kupanga mawonekedwe a viscoelastic ndikuwongolera kukhazikika kwamtundu.
Pogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nkhuku zokazinga, kulimba kwapangidwe, juiciness ndi kusunga madzi kwa mankhwala omalizidwa bwino kwambiri, ndipo kumatira kwamafuta kumatha kuchepetsedwa ndipo kutayika kwa ukalamba kumatha kuchepetsedwa.
Pochiritsa nkhuku kapena magawo a nyama, zitha kupititsa patsogolo kumamatira kwa chinthu chomalizidwa, kuchepetsa kutayika kwa machiritso, ndikuwonjezera zokolola.
Pokonza keke ya nyama, mapuloteni a tirigu angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati binder komanso mayamwidwe amadzi, zomwe zingapangitse kuti slicing ikhale yabwino.

Kuphatikiza apo, mapuloteni a tirigu amagwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chowonjezera kapena chodzaza zinthu za mince, zomwe zimatha kupititsa patsogolo zokolola komanso kukhazikika kwa ukalamba. Zopangidwa ndi pulasitiki zamapuloteni a tirigu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani azakudya, kuyambira kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zowonjezera pazogulitsa nyama mpaka pokonza mkate wokhala ndi michere yambiri komanso zakudya zapadera zamasamba.
Kwa zaka zambiri, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga nyama, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zopangira zakudya zotere zimaphatikizapo:
Hydrolyzed colloids/colloid, starch, and plasticized plant proteins. Mapuloteni opangidwa ndi pulasitiki atirigu, omwe amatha kuyamwa madzi kuwirikiza katatu kulemera kwawo akamadulidwa, akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino pokonza ma hamburger, zakudya zokometsera zokometsera za curry, nyama zokometsera zokometsera zokometsera, mabere ankhuku yokazinga ndi mtedza wankhuku.
Mwachitsanzo, ma nuggets a nkhuku yokazinga atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mapuloteni opangidwa ndi hydrated tirigu 30%. Kukulitsa kaphatikizidwe ka mapuloteni a tirigu pokonza nyama nthawi zambiri kumatha kuchepetsa mtengo wopangira ndi 12% mpaka 26%, kukonza zokolola ndi 8% mpaka 9%, ndikuwongolera kapangidwe kazinthu. Mapuloteni amtundu wa tirigu, wokhala ndi kukoma kwapakati, safunikira kuphimba kukoma kopanda nyama ndikuwonjezera zonunkhira, zomwe zimathandiza kuchepetsa mtengo wopangira nyama yamtunduwu.
Mapuloteni opangidwa ndi tirigu ali ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndi ulusi wamnofu, motero amakulitsa mawonekedwe, mawonekedwe ndi kukoma kwa chinthucho. Itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati chowonjezera cha ma hamburgers, mu patties yophikidwa kale komanso yosaphika, imatha kuphatikizidwa ndi mapuloteni amtundu wa hydrated tirigu mpaka 40%.

Kugwiritsa ntchito gluten muzakudya zolimbitsa thupi

Pakalipano, anthu nthawi zonse akupanga chakudya chofulumira kapena chopatsa thanzi kuti awonjezere mphamvu kapena kumanga minofu.
M'zaka zaposachedwa, makampani opanga zakudya zopatsa mphamvu komanso mapuloteni akukula mwachangu. Mapuloteni opangidwa ndi tirigu angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zakudya ngati izi, mwachitsanzo, chakudya chopangidwa ndi pulasitiki chophatikizira chakudya chambiri cha oats. Zakudya zamtunduwu zimakhala ndi mavitamini, mchere ndi mapuloteni ofunikira pazaumoyo.
Mapuloteni opangidwa ndi tirigu, muzakudya zamtundu uwu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zowonjezera zakudya, zimathanso kupanga zowoneka bwino komanso zofewa. Chifukwa mapuloteni amtundu wa tirigu ali ndi kukoma kwapakatikati, kotero kuti kupanga zakudya zamtundu woterezi sizikusowa kuwonjezera zonunkhira, kotero kuti chuma ndi chabwino.