Citicoline (cytidine 5-diphosphate choline, CDP-choline) ndiyofunikira kuti apange phospholipids monga phosphatidylcholine. Mamolekyuwa amamanga nembanemba zama cell ndi zokutira zoteteza m'thupi [1]. Citicoline ndi molekyu yovuta kwambiri kuposa choline wamba, kapena alpha-GPC, koma ndi chinthu chomwecho chomwe chimapangidwa mwachibadwa mu ubongo. Pofuna kupewa chisokonezo, asayansi anaganiza kuti "citicoline" pamene ntchito ngati mankhwala ndi "CDP-choline" pamene amapangidwa mu thupi [2]. Akalowetsedwa, amatulutsa mankhwala awiri: cytidine ndi choline. Akadutsa chotchinga chamagazi-muubongo, ma neuron muubongo amawagwiritsa ntchito kupanga citicoline ndi ma phospholipids ena [3]. Choline imathandizira acetylcholine ndi ma neurotransmitters ena kuti dongosolo lamanjenje liziyenda bwino. Thupi limasintha citicoline kukhala mankhwala ena ambiri opindulitsa. Choncho, citicoline ikhoza kukhala ndi zopindulitsa zambiri ndi zotsatira zochepa kuposa choline wamba [4,5,3].

Momwe zimagwirira ntchito

Citicoline imawonjezera kupanga kwa ma neurotransmitters ndi zomanga ma cell. Kuphatikiza pa acetylcholine, imathandizira norepinephrine ndi dopamine mu ubongo [4,6]. Ikhoza kupititsa patsogolo kuyenda kwa magazi muubongo ndikulimbikitsa mitochondria kupanga mphamvu zambiri [4,5,2]. Miyezo yokwanira ya CDP choline imateteza phosphatidylcholine ndi sphingomyelin, zomwe zimamanga nembanemba yoteteza mitsempha yotchedwa myelin. Citicoline imalepheretsanso kutupa kwa enzyme phospholipase A2 ndikuwonjezera antioxidant glutathione [7,8]. Mwachidule, citicoline imagwira ntchito mwa kulinganiza ma neurotransmitters ndikuteteza dongosolo lamanjenje ku oxidation ndi kuwonongeka kokhudzana ndi zaka [9,10,1].

Gwero lazakudya

Thupi limapanga citicoline kuchokera ku cytidine ndi choline. Njira yabwino yowonjezerera milingo ya citicoline kudzera muzakudya ndikudya zakudya zokwanira zomwe zimapereka zonse ziwiri. Zakudya zokhala ndi choline zimaphatikizapo [11,12] : Chiwalo cha nyama (chiwindi) mazira nkhuku nsomba Zipatso zonse Cytidine ndi RNA nucleoside yomwe imapezeka kwambiri mu nyama (makamaka chiwalo cha nyama); Amapezekanso mu colostrum [13,14]. Citicoline supplements (Cognizin, Somazina) ndi gwero lina la choline yowonjezera, kuwonjezera pa: choline alpha-GPC phosphatidylcholine lecithin

Ubwino waumoyo wa citicoline ukhoza kukhala wovomerezeka

1) Kupititsa patsogolo chidziwitso

Kutsika kwachidziwitso kokhudzana ndi ukalamba Luso lachidziwitso limatsika ndi zaka chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa magazi kupita ku ubongo kapena pazifukwa zina. Kuwunikanso kwa mayesero azachipatala a 14 kunatsimikizira kuti CDP-choline ikhoza kusintha kukumbukira ndi khalidwe kwa odwala omwe ali ndi vuto lachidziwitso chochepa kapena chochepa, kuphatikizapo omwe ali ndi vuto la ubongo [9]. Malingana ndi deta yochokera kwa odwala okalamba oposa 2,800, atalandira chithandizo cha citicoline, vuto la kukumbukira linatha mu 21% ya odwala ndi kukumbukira bwino mu 45% ya odwala. Kafukufukuyu analibe maulamuliro a placebo, choncho tiyenera kutenga zotsatira ndi mchere wamchere [18]. Citicoline (1000mg kwa miyezi 9) inali yopindulitsa kwa odwala okalamba a 350 omwe ali ndi vuto lochepa lachidziwitso chifukwa adatha [19]: Kulimbitsa mitsempha ya mitsempha kuti iwonjezere norepinephrine ndi dopamine milingo kuti tipewe kuwonongeka kwa okosijeni M'maphunziro atatu a odwala 210 omwe ali ndi vuto la dementia ndi kusayenda bwino kwa ubongo, kuwongolera kukumbukira, kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a ubongo, kusintha kwa CDP-choline. Kukwera kwa mlingo wa citicoline (2000mg), kumakhala bwinoko [20,21,22]. Anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito citicoline kukonza kuganiza, kukulitsa kukumbukira, komanso kupewa kuchepa kwa chidziwitso. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe sayansi ikunena za ntchito yake ngati chithunzithunzi ... M'mayesero awiri achipatala mwa akuluakulu athanzi a 135, citicoline (250-500mg) inachititsa chidwi komanso kumveka bwino m'maganizo [23,24]. Chakumwa chokhala ndi caffeine ndi CDP choline (250 mg) chimathandizira kuzindikira komanso kuchepetsa nthawi yochita mwa odzipereka 60. Kafeini ndi cholimbikitsa chodziwika ndipo mwina chathandizira zotsatira zake [25]. Mu 24 akuluakulu athanzi, Mlingo wapamwamba wa citicoline (500 kapena 1000mg) umathandizira zolembera zosiyanasiyana - kuthamanga, kugwira ntchito ndi kukumbukira mawu, ntchito yayikulu - koma mwa iwo omwe ali ndi luntha losazindikira [26]. Mu phunziro lomwelo, zowonjezera sizinakhudze ochita zapakatikati komanso ngakhale kusokoneza pang'ono luso lachidziwitso mwa ochita bwino kwambiri. [26] Cannabis kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika luso lozindikira. Pakufufuza kwa anthu 19 osuta chamba osatha, citicoline (2,000 mg patsiku kwa masabata 8) adachepetsa mayankho opupuluma komanso kuchita bwino kwachidziwitso. Onse omwe adatenga nawo mbali adafuna kusiya kusuta, ndipo ochita kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti zotsatira za citicoline zitha kuwathandiza kuti azitsatira [27,28]. Malinga ndi kafukufuku woyambirira, citicoline imatha kukulitsa chidwi komanso kumveketsa bwino m'maganizo, makamaka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi luntha losazindikira.

2) Kukonzanso kwa stroke

Kudula magazi kudera linalake laubongo kumatha kupha ma neuron ndikuwononga kwambiri ubongo. Citicoline ingathandize mwa kulimbikitsa mitsempha ya mitsempha ndi kutsekereza kutulutsa kwaulere [29,30]. Malinga ndi kusanthula kwa mayeso anayi azachipatala (odwala opitilira 1,300), kutenga 2000mg ya citicoline mkati mwa maola 24 pambuyo pa sitiroko kunawonjezera mwayi wochira ndi 38% [10]. Deta kuchokera kwa opulumuka oposa 4,000 amasonyeza kuti citicoline imapangitsa kuti zotsatira zake zikhale bwino komanso kuchira kwa Edzi; Mlingo wapamwamba (2000-4000mg) ndiwothandiza kwambiri. Panalibe chiwongolero cha placebo mu phunziroli, kotero palibe mfundo zotsimikizika zomwe zingatheke [31]. Maphunziro awiri a odwala oposa 3,000 sanapeze phindu lalikulu la CDP-choline chifukwa cha sitiroko yoopsa [32,33]. Mankhwala ochotsa magazi kuundana amakhalabe njira yoyamba ya sitiroko yowopsa. Ndemanga ziwiri zophatikizana zinatsimikizira kuti citicoline ikhoza kupereka zowonjezera zowonjezera kapena kuthandiza odwala omwe sangathe kulandira chithandizo chomwe akufuna [34,35]. Kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yake kwa citicoline kungapangitse kuchira kwa sitiroko, koma kafukufuku ndi wochepa. Mankhwala ochotsa magazi kuundana amakhalabe njira yoyamba ya sitiroko yowopsa.

3) Mavuto a masomphenya

Mofanana ndi kuteteza mitsempha mu ubongo ndi msana, citicoline ikhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zofanana pa mitsempha ya optic. Zitha kusintha kuwonongeka kwa retinal neurons ndikuthandizira kuchiza matenda a maso monga [1] : Optic neuropathy Glaucoma Amblyopia Glaucoma Kuwonjezeka kwa kuthamanga kwa maso ndi zinthu zina zimatha kuwononga mitsempha ya optic ndikuyambitsa glaucoma, nthawi zina kumayambitsa khungu [36]. M'mayesero awiri achipatala mwa odwala 80 a glaucoma, oral citicoline ya nthawi yayitali inakonza kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha, kuona bwino, ndi kuchepetsa matenda [37,38]. Madontho a maso a Citicoline adawonetsa zotsatira zomwezo m'mayesero ena awiri achipatala (odwala 68) [39,40]. Amblyopia, kapena "diso laulesi," limachitika pamene maso ndi ubongo sizikulumikizana bwino. Zitha kuyambitsa kusawona bwino m'diso limodzi. [41] M'mayesero atatu achipatala a ana a 190, oral citicoline adapititsa patsogolo chithandizo cha amblyopia (chigamba cha diso) [42,43,44]. Jekeseni wa CDP choline (1000mg tsiku lililonse) anachiritsa mitsempha ya optic ndi masomphenya abwino mwa akuluakulu a 10 omwe ali ndi amblyopia. Kafukufukuyu anali ndi kukula kwachitsanzo chaching'ono ndipo analibe zowongolera za placebo, kotero zotsatira zake ndi zokayikitsa [45]. Optic neuropathy Optic neuropathy ndi mtundu wina wa kuvulala kwa mitsempha ya optic yomwe ingasokoneze masomphenya. Odwala 26 omwe ali ndi vuto la optic neuropathy, citicoline (1600mg / tsiku kwa miyezi 2) amawona bwino pokonzanso kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha [46]. Umboni wosakwanira Palibe umboni wovomerezeka wachipatala wothandizira kugwiritsa ntchito citicoline pochiza matenda aliwonse omwe ali mu gawoli. Zotsatirazi ndi chidule cha maphunziro a zinyama zaposachedwapa, maphunziro opangidwa ndi maselo, kapena mayesero achipatala otsika kwambiri omwe ayenera kuyambitsa kufufuza kwina. Komabe, simuyenera kuwatanthauzira ngati akuthandizira phindu lililonse laumoyo.

4) Kuvulala kwa ubongo

Kupsinjika kwa okosijeni, machitidwe a autoimmune, ndi poizoni wa chilengedwe zimatha kuwononga kwambiri ma cell aubongo. Citicoline imateteza ubongo ndi msana ku zovuta izi poteteza myelin sheath ya ma cell ndikuwonjezera ma neurotransmitters ofunikira. Matenda a Alzheimer M'mayesero atatu a chipatala, Citicoline (1000mg tsiku lililonse kwa miyezi 1-3) anasintha zizindikiro za matenda a Alzheimers [47,48,49]: Kupititsa patsogolo maganizo kunapangitsa kuti magazi aziyenda ku ubongo kumachepetsa milingo ya mamolekyu otupa (histamine ndi IL1B) Komabe, kusowa kwa maulamuliro a placebo muzofukufuku zomwe zinapangitsa mafunso onsewa. Mu kafukufuku wachitatu, odwala omwe ali ndi chibadwa cha matenda a Alzheimer's (APOE-e4 carriers) adapeza phindu lalikulu. Izi ndizofunikira chifukwa onyamula APOE-e4 amayankha mosiyana (ndipo nthawi zambiri oyipa) pamachitidwe osiyanasiyana [48,50]. Citicoline inalimbikitsa zotsatira za mankhwala a Alzheimer's disease ndipo inachepetsa kupitirira kwa mayesero awiri owonetsetsa (oposa odwala 600) [51,52]. Mu makoswe omwe ali ndi matenda a Alzheimer's, citicoline imateteza mitsempha ku kusintha kwa mapuloteni ndikuchepetsa kutuluka kwa magazi. Zotsatira zake, makoswe anali ndi vuto lochepa la kuzindikira komanso kukumbukira bwino [53]. Citicoline ingathandize kuchiza matenda a Alzheimer's ndikuwongolera chisamaliro choyenera, koma umboni wachipatala womwe ulipo ndi wofooka. Matenda a Parkinson Kuwonongeka kwa dopamine neurons mu matenda a Parkinson kumayambitsa kuuma kwa minofu, kunjenjemera, ndi zizindikiro zina. Mu makoswe omwe ali ndi matenda a Parkinson, citicoline imachepetsa kuuma kwa minofu powonjezera milingo ya dopamine mu ubongo. Zimapangitsanso zotsatira za chithandizo chokhazikika [54,55]. Multiple sclerosis Kutupa kotupa kwa myelin m'chimake cha kunja minyewa pepala kungayambitse angapo sclerosis, limodzi ndi kwambiri thupi ndi chidziwitso kuwonongeka. Mu nyama zomwe zili ndi multiple sclerosis, asayansi awona kuthekera kwa citicoline kupititsa patsogolo kuchira kwa myelin ndi kugwirizana kwa magalimoto [56,57].

5) Kusokonezeka m'maganizo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo

Kukhumudwa Pakufufuza kwa odwala 50, kuwonjezera citicoline ku antidepressant (citalopram) kumathandizira kukhumudwa komanso kuchira [58]. Mu makoswe, CDP-choline imachulukitsa norepinephrine, dopamine, ndi milingo ya serotonin mu kukumbukira kwaubongo, malingaliro, ndi malo osuntha [59,60]. Omwe adagwiritsa ntchito methamphetamine ndi cocaine Citicoline adachepetsa kukhumudwa kwa anthu 60 omwe adagwiritsa ntchito methamphetamine (meth), koma analibe mphamvu pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo (2000 mg/tsiku kwa miyezi itatu). Pakufufuza kwina kwa anthu 31 omwe ali ndi methamphetamine, citicoline inateteza ubongo ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo [61,62]. Oposa 130 omwe ali ndi cocaine omwe ali ndi vuto la bipolar, citicoline (500-2,000 mg kwa miyezi 3) adachepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo koma sizinasokoneze maganizo. Komabe, pakuyesa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito 20 olemera kwambiri a cocaine, sizinaphule kanthu [63,64,65]. Kuwunikanso kwa mayesero asanu ndi anayi kunatsimikizira kuti citicoline ikhoza kukhala ndi phindu pang'ono pakugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo, makamaka cocaine, koma inatsindika kufunika kwa umboni wamphamvu wachipatala [66]. Citicoline inalimbikitsa zotsatira za chithandizo chamankhwala mwa odwala 66 omwe ali ndi schizophrenia. Imawongolera zomwe zimatchedwa "zoyipa" monga kukhumudwa m'malingaliro, kusalankhulana bwino, komanso kuuma mtima. Izi ndizovuta kwambiri kuchiza ndi mankhwala wamba [67]. Mu akuluakulu athanzi a 24, CDP-choline imapangitsa kuzindikira mwa kulimbikitsa nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala yochepa mu schizophrenia [26]. Maphunziro oyambirira akulonjeza, koma palibe umboni wokwanira wochirikiza kugwiritsa ntchito citicoline kuchiza matenda a maganizo ndi kuledzera.