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?? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ?? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????, ???, ???? ???, ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??????, ??????? ???????, ????????, ?????????? ???? ????? ????? [1] ????, ??? ???????? ???????, ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? 1848 ???????, ?????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??? 1952 ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????
????????????? ????????????? ?? ??????????? ???? 60-70% ???????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? 0.21 ???????? ????? ????? [3], ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????, ???? ?????????? ????? ???, ???? ??????? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ?????? ???? [4] ??? ??? ?????, ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????
??????????, ??????????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????????, ??? ?????, ???????, ?????, ??????, ????????, ???????, ???????????, ??????, ?????, ????, ?????????? ??? ????????????? ???? 60 ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ?????, ????????, ???????, ????????, ????? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ??????? ????
??? ????, ?????????? ??? ?????????????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????:
???????, ????? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ??????, ???? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ?????, ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???? "???????????" ?????, [5] ????? ????????? ????????? ????? ????
?????????, ???? ?????? ??-??????????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????, ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? 90% ?????????? ?????? ????? ???, ??? ?????????, ???? ????? 10% ?????? ?????????, ??? ????? ??????? ?????????? [4] ??? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ?????? ????
???????, ????? ?????? ??????, ??? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ??? ????????? ???? ???????, ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????????????? ??? ?????, ??? ??????????????? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???, ?????? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ????????, ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ???? ??????? ??????, ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??????
- ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????????????? ???????????? ??? ??????????????? ???, ?? ??????????, ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??????????????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ???????????? ????? ?????? -97.4J/g? ???? ????? ?????? ?????, ??? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? [6]
????????, ???? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ??????, ????? ????????? ????? (WHO), ???????????? ????? ??? ??? ??????? (FDA), ??????? ????? ??????? ??????????? (EFSA), ??????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????????, ??? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????????? (AND) ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????
????????, ????????? ???? ???????? ???? "????????" ?????? ????
?????? ??????, ???????? ????? ??????, ???, ??????????, ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????????? ????, ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????????????? ????????? ???? ???????
?????, ????????? "??????? ?????????" ?? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ???: ??? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ????????????? ???, ???? ?????????? "?????????" ?????? ??? ????, ????????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??? "?????" ?????, ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????, ??? ???????? ????
????????, ?????????? ????????? ??????????? "????????? ??? ?????", ??? ??? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????
??? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ??????, ???? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ?????????, ????? ??????? ????????? ???? "???? ?????????" ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????