??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ??-??????? ???? ??? β - D-?????????? ????? (M) ??? α - L-?????????? ????? (G) ?????? ???? ???? (1 → 4) ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??, ?????????, ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??-??????? ????? ???? 1938 ??????? ???????????? ????????????? ??????????? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? - COO - ???, ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???????????, - ???????? COO - COOH ?? ?????????? ???, ?????????? ?????? ????? ???, ??????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???, ????? ?????? ???????? ???, ??? pH ????? ?????? ???? COOH ?????? ??????? ????????? ???, ??????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????, ??????? ????????? ?????????????? pH ???????????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????? ???? ??? ????????? ???????? Ca2+ ??? Sr2+ ??? ??????? ???, G ?????? ???? Na+ ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????, ??? G ?????? ?? ?????-???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????? ????, ?????? ?? ??????????? ??? ????? ???? ??????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????, ???? ?????????? ???, ????????, ???, ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????, ????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????