??????? ??? ???????, ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? (C ? H ?? O ?) ??? ?? ??????, ????? ?????? ?? ??? C-2 ?????? ?? (??? ???? ????? ?????? '?? ???????????? ???? ?? ????? ????? ??), ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????????????? ??? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ??:

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1. ??????? ?? ?????

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????? ????: ?? ???? ??? '?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? SGLT1 (?????? ??????? ????????????? 1) ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? (>95%) ??, ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???

?????? ??? ???????? '?? ????? ???? ???

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?????? ????: ???? ??? '?? ????????? ?????? ????? (???? ??? '?? GLUT ??????? ????????????? ????? ?? GLUT5 ??? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????)? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? (???? 10-20%), ??? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???

2. ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ????

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???? ??? ????, ?? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ??, ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???

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???? ?? ????? ??? ??, ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ?? (?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???? 50 μ mol/L ??, ?? ?? 4-6 mmol/L ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??)? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????-?????? ???? ??????

3. ????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ?? ???????? ????

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??????? ?????: ?????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? (GLUT4 ??????????? ?????) '?? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ???

??????????/??????????: ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????, ?? ?????????? (HK) (????????? ?????) ??? ?????????? (GK) (????) ????? ???????-6-?????? (G6P) ???? ?????????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??????????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ???

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??????? '?? ????? ????: ????? ?? ?????? ??????? '?? ????? ???? ??????

?????????? (????): ?? ???? ??? '?? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?? (??????? ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???) ??????-6-?????? (???-6-??) ????? ?? ?????? ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ???

??????????? ?????????? (PMI): ???-6-P ??? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ???????-6-?????? (F6P) ???? ????? ????? ??? F6P ???????????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ???

4. ???? ???? ????

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???????????? ???? ?????: G6P ???? (ATP) ???? ??? ?? ???????????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ???

???????? ????????: ???? ??? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????

??????? ?????? ????: NADPH ??? ???????-5-?????? (???????????? ??? ??????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ????? ??) ???? ???? ???

???? ????????: ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??, ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???

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???????????? ??????????? ???? ???????: PMI ??? F6P ???? ??????? ??? ????, ?? ???????????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? (???? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ?? ???? ??)?

?????????????? ????????: ???? ???? ??? N-????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??! ???-6-?? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???? ??, ????????????? ??? ???????????? ???? ??????? ?????-????? ?? ????? ???? ???? ??? ???? ???

??????????????: ????? ??????? N-????? ?????????????? ??? (????? ?? ??? ? GlcNAc ?) ???? ??? ???????????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??, ??? ??????? ???????, ??????, ???????? ??? ???? (????? ?? ??????????, ?????? ???????, ??? ???? ?????? ???) ?? ????????? ???

???????/???????? ???? ???????: ??????? ??? ??, ??? ??? F6P ???????? ???????????? ???? G6P ???? ???? ??, ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??, ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???

5. ??? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? '?? ??????

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???? ????? ???? ????? ????: ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???

??????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??????: ??????????? ???? ???? ????? ??? '?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ???

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???? ????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ????: ??? ????? ??, ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??, ??? ??????? '?? ????? ???? ?????

??????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????: ??????????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ????

6. ????? ?????? ???? ???? ????

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???? ????: ???? ???? ?? ???? ???? (??? ???? ?????, ??????????, ??? ??? ??? ?? ????), ???? ????? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????

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???? ????: ?????????????? ???????????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?????, ????????????? ??? ???????????? (???? ????, ????? ???????????, ????????, ??????? ???????, ???) ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???

??????? ??????: ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ???? (???????? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??)?

7. ??????? ????????? ????

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???? ???? (????????), ?????????????? ????, ??????? ?????????? ?????

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?????? ???? ???? ???-??? ??? ?????? ????? (???? ??? '?? ????????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????) ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????????????? ??????? (????? ?? CDG Ib MPI ?? ???) ?? ?????