Ibiryo byongera uburyohe, bizwi kandi ko byongera uburyohe, bivuga ibintu bishobora kuzamura cyangwa kunoza uburyohe bwambere bwibiryo. Mu nganda zihumura neza, kugirango uhindure impumuro nziza, akenshi wongereho uburyohe kugirango wongere ubukana bw uburyohe, kugabanya ibiciro, kandi utume impumuro irushaho guhuzwa, ikungahaye, yoroshye kandi ifatika. Ibiryo byibiryo mubisanzwe bigabanyijemo uburyohe (nka strawberry, pome, pach, nibindi) hamwe nuburyohe bwumunyu (nkuburyohe bwa spicy, uburyohe bwinyama), uburyohe bwinyama nigice cyingenzi mubikorwa byinganda zikora ibiryo, kongera uburyohe bwinyama birashobora kugabanywamo ibyiciro 6 bikurikira:

1.

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3) Amavuta asanzwe yingenzi hamwe nuburyohe bwavanze: nkamavuta ya sesame, uburyohe bwa sesame hamwe nibirungo bimwe na bimwe amavuta yingenzi, resin cyangwa flavours ivanze;

4) Impumuro yabyaye muri reaction ya Maillard: nka aldehydes cyangwa ketone na sisitemu ikorwa mugukora reaction nkeya ya hydrogen sulfide;

5) Ibindi birungo bisanzwe nibirungo: nko kongeramo akantu gato k'ingurube hamwe nuburyohe bwinkoko muburyohe bwinka, no kongeramo akantu gato kinkoko ninyama zinka muburyohe bwingurube.

Kongera inyama uburyohe bifite ibimenyetso bikurikira:

1) Umubare ni muto, ingaruka zo kongera impumuro nziza ni ngombwa;

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3) Kugabanya ingano yibindi bintu bihumura neza cyangwa kugabanya ingano yanyuma yuburyohe mukuzamura cyane impumuro nziza, bityo bikagabanya ikiguzi;

4) Bimwe mubintu bitera uburyohe ntibifite gusa ingaruka zo kuryoha, ariko kandi bigira ingaruka nziza yimpumuro nziza, bishobora gutuma impumuro nziza ihuza, yoroshye, ikungahaye, nigihe kirekire cyo kugumana impumuro nziza;

5) Bimwe mu byongera uburyohe bifite imiterere yihariye ya molekile, kandi birashobora kwitwara hamwe nibindi bintu mugutunganya kugirango bitange ibindi bintu bihumura neza, nka furanone, MCP, nibindi.;

6) Ingano ya flavouring agent igira ingaruka kumpumuro nziza. Bimwe mubintu bitera uburyohe ntibizagira ingaruka kumpumuro nziza yuburyohe iyo ikoreshejwe kubwinshi, nka maltol, Ethyl maltol, nibindi, mugihe ibirungo bimwe na bimwe bizerekana impumuro mbi iyo ikoreshejwe birenze urugero, nka furfuryl mercaptan, MCP, nibindi.;

7) Kubera ingaruka zo guhuza hagati yongera impumuro nziza, zikoreshwa hamwe.

Kwinjiza inyama zinyuranye zongera uburyohe

A, ibiryo biribwa monomer icyiciro

. Maltol (Maltol, Veltol), izina ryubucuruzi rya flavol, Palatone, Kopalin, izina ryimiti 2-methylpyromeconic aside, ifite impumuro idasanzwe isa nisukari ya cream yatwitse, nayo isobanurwa nkimpumuro ya karamel, ihindagurika, yegereye kuri 93 ℃, Ibicuruzwa bisanzwe biboneka muri malt ikaranze, inshinge za pinusi, chicory. Ethy Maltol (Vetol2plus), imiti izwi nka acide 2-etyl pyromeconic aside, ifite karamel nigihe kirekire cyimpumuro nziza, ifite uburyohe buryoshye cyane nimpumuro nziza yimbuto mubisubizo byoroshye. Byombi bishonga mumazi, Ethanol na propylene glycol (PG) bigomba kwitondera ingingo 4 zikurikira mugihe ukoresheje: 1) Byombi birimo hydroxyl ya fenol, kandi guhura nibyuma bizaba bitukura, bityo wirinde gukoresha ibyuma; 2) Mugihe cya acide, ingaruka zo kongera impumuro nziza ni nziza, ariko mugihe cya alkaline, ingaruka ziragabanuka kubera gutandukana kwitsinda rya hydroxyl ya fenol; 3) Ingaruka zo kongera impumuro ya Ethyl maltol yikubye inshuro 3-8 za maltol, kandi dosiye irashobora kugabanuka mugihe ukoresheje iyambere; 4) Niba ikoreshejwe hamwe na I + G, MSG, MCP nibindi bikoresho bihumura neza, birashobora kongera ingaruka.

. Kubaho kwayo byagaragaye muburyohe bwinyama. MCP ifite uburyohe busa na maltol na Ethyl maltol, ariko dosiye ntigomba kuba myinshi. Mugihe cy'ubushyuhe bwo hejuru, MCP nayo izafungura impeta kandi ikore nibindi bintu bihumura kugirango itange uburyohe budasanzwe bwinyama.

(3) Furfuryl Mercaptan, izwi kandi nka kawa mercaptan, 2-furanyl methylmercaptan. Mubyinshi cyane, ifite impumuro nziza ya sulfuru idashimishije cyane, kandi iyo ivanze, ihumura ikawa ninyama. Ibicuruzwa bya furfuryl 1% byakozwe na societe nini nini bifite uburyohe bwinyama, inyama zokeje (nazo nkinka), kandi ntabwo zifite uburyohe bwa kawa. Isesengura rya GC / MS ryerekeye uburyohe bwinyama ryerekanye ko mercaptan ya furfuryl ihari, kandi impapuro nyinshi nazo zashimangiye uruhare rwa furfuryl mercaptan ndetse inasaba ko hongerwaho umubare w’amafaranga. Mu mikoreshereze nyayo, mercaptan ya furfuryl ivangwa mu gice cya 1% hanyuma ikongerwamo uburyohe bwinyama muke.

(4) Furaneol; Furanone) izina ryimiti 2, 5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3 (2H) -furanone, ni uburyohe bwibiryo, byongera uburyohe, synergiste. Nko mu myaka ya za 1960, wasangaga inanasi nshya hamwe nisupu yinka, bityo nanone yitwa bromelain. Furanone ifite inanasi karemano, strawberry nka aroma, nayo isobanurwa nkimpumuro nziza yatwitse, ifite impumuro nziza, uburyohe bwo kuryoshya, irashobora gutuma impumuro nziza irushaho kuzunguruka no guhanagura, kandi ifite umurimo wo gukingira no gupfukirana uburyohe budashimishije. Igice kimwe cya furanone gihwanye nibice 5.5 kugeza kuri 6 bya Ethyl maltol nibice 16 kugeza kuri 20 bya maltol mukuzamura impumuro no gukingira impumuro mbi. Mu isesengura rya GC / MS ryerekeye uburyohe bwinyama, hagaragaye furanone, kandi igipimo cyayo gishobora kugera kuri 5% byurwego rwa flavour. Ku rundi ruhande, furanone nayo ni uburyohe bwambere bwibiryo byinyama, bishobora kwifata hamwe na sisitemu, cystine, ammonium sulfide nibindi bintu kugirango bitange ibintu by uburyohe bwinyama, kandi bitange hydrogène sulfide nkeya. Nk’uko ubushakashatsi bwa Ding Desheng bubitangaza, kongeramo furanone ku nkoko y’inkoko birashobora kongera ubwuzure n’uburinganire bw uburyohe kandi bikongera uburyohe bwa barbecue. Kwongeramo furanone kubintu byinka byinka birashobora kongera uburyohe nuburyohe kuburyo bugaragara, kandi ubworoherane nuburyohe bwibiryo byiyongera cyane, bigatuma inyama ziryoha cyane, umutobe numutobe. Ingero zo gukoresha furanone, (I + G) na MSG zerekanwa mu mbonerahamwe ya 1.

.

Babiri, umami urwego rwabakozi

(a) MSGMSG ni MSG, izwi kandi nka L-glutamate sodium, sodium glutamate. MSG mubusanzwe nta mpumuro nziza, hamwe na umami, uburyohe n'umunyu, kandi uburyohe ni 0.014%. MSG ikora ku mpera yimbere yururimi no mu rwasaya rwombi, kandi ifite imyumvire ikomeye yingaruka zitaziguye za umami no kwitonda. Umami ugereranije ni monotonous, kandi ingaruka za umami zigaragarira muburyo bwo hagati, kandi umami iza vuba kandi ikagenda vuba.

MSG ifite imbaraga zo guhuza hamwe na IMP, GMP na (I + G). . Mu ruvange rwa MSG na IMP, igice kinini cya IMP cyiyongereye kuva kuri zeru kigera kuri 50%, kandi ubukana bwa umami bwiyongereye muburyo bwa parabolike. Igice kinini cya IMP cyiyongereye kiva kuri 50% kigera ku 100%, kandi ubukana bwa umami bwaragabanutse muburyo bwa parabolike.

MSG ikunze kuvangwa na (I + G) kugirango itange MSG ikomeye, 99% MSG + 1% (I + G) irashobora kwiyongera inshuro 2, 98% MSG + 2% (I + G) irashobora kwiyongera inshuro 3,5; 96% MSG + 4% (I + G) irashobora kwiyongera kubintu 5. Mu gukoresha uburyohe bwinyama, MSG ikoreshwa kenshi hamwe na (I + G), kandi porogaramu yihariye irerekanwa mumeza 1.

. IMP na GMP bifite uburyohe bwa umami, kandi ubukana bwa umami bwa GMP bukubye inshuro 3 kurenza ubwa IMP, kandi imvange yibi byombi ikoreshwa mubucuruzi (ni ukuvuga I + G, IMP na GMP bingana na 50% buri umwe). MSG, IMP, GMP, (I + G) irashobora gutuma uburyohe bwinyama burushaho gukomera, butunganye, kuzamura no kunoza uburyohe bwinyama, gutsimbarara no kumva neza.

. Byombi bifite imbaraga zo guhuza hamwe na MSG.

3.Amavuta ya ngombwa asanzwe cyangwa ibivanze

Amavuta akoreshwa cyane ni amavuta ya sesame. Sesame idahiye ifite ibice bike cyane byimpumuro nziza, gusa irimo ubwoko burenga 10 bwa aldehydes (nka valeraldehyde, hexal, heptanaldehyde, furfural, 5-methylfurfural, nibindi), fenol nyinshi (fenol, guaiacol, nibindi) hamwe nubwoko burenga 10 bwibindi bintu bihumura. Ariko, nyuma yo kotsa sesame, ibihumura byayo nubunini byiyongereye cyane. Harimo hydrocarbone, alcool, aldehydes, ketone, acide, furans, fenol, lactone, pyrazine, pyrroles, pyridine, oxazoles, nitrile, thiazole, thiophenes, mercaptans na sulfide nibindi byiciro 17 byibintu 208 byimpumuro nziza. Amavuta ya Sesame yakuwe muri sesame yokeje afite impumuro nziza no kongera impumuro nziza. Niba ushaka kongeramo amavuta ya sesame muburyohe bwamazi, birakenewe kubanza kwigana amavuta ya sesame, bitabaye ibyo ikibazo cyamavuta areremba kibaho nyuma yo kongeramo, bikagira ingaruka kumiterere no muburyo bwiza. Mu mavuta amwe avanze cyangwa amavuta ya salade, amavuta ya sesame akongerwamo kenshi kugirango yongere uburyohe, azamura agaciro kongerewe kubicuruzwa. Usibye gukoresha amavuta ya sesame karemano, uburyohe bwamavuta ya sesame burashobora no gukoreshwa. Iyo impumuro yamavuta ya sesame karemano idakomeye bihagije cyangwa ubuziranenge budahungabana, birashobora gukemurwa muburyo bwiza.

Icya kane, Maillard reaction yo kubyara uburyohe

Ubu bwoko bwa reaction bwagiye buvugwa mubushakashatsi bwinshi, urugero: 1) VB1 → bis (2-methyl-3-furanyl) disulfide; 2) α-hydroxyl ketone + (NH4) 2S → H2S, nibindi.; 3) Aldehyde + (NH4) 2S → H2S, nibindi.; 4) Furanone n'ibigereranyo byayo + (NH4) 2S → H2S, nibindi

Kugirango ugabanye igiciro cy uburyohe bwinyama no kunoza imbaraga, kuzura no guhuza ibikorwa, birakenewe kongeramo uburyohe bwinyama. Nyamara, ntabwo buri kintu cyongera uburyohe gishobora gukoreshwa muburyohe bwinyama, muri rusange, MSG, (I + G), furanone, maltol na Ethyl maltol ikwiranye nuburyohe butandukanye bwinyama, MSS, DSS kuburyohe bwinyanja, amavuta ya sesame akwiranye ningurube, inyama zinka, ham, kotsa nubundi bwoko bw uburyohe.