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Mannose & Mannitol
2025-03-21
- Gukonjesha-gukama, byitwa gukonjesha, ni uburyo bwo kumisha mbere yo gukonjesha imiti ikenera gukama mu buryo bukomeye hanyuma igahita igabanya amazi ava muri leta yakonje bitanyuze mu mazi y’amazi mu gihe cy'ubushyuhe buke no mu bihe by'umuvuduko muke. Kubera ko inzira zose zikorwa ziri mubushyuhe buke, ubu buryo burakwiriye cyane cyane mugutegura imiti ya protein yangiza ubushyuhe. Umuti wa poroteyine wumye wumye wari urekuye nka cake, utari mwiza gusa mu kubungabunga, ahubwo wanagize uruhare mu guhindura imiti ya poroteyine nyuma yo kuyisubiramo. Ikigaragara ni uko tekinoroji yo gukanika itanga uburyo bwiza bwo gutegura imiti ya poroteyine ya farumasi ifite imiterere n’umubiri idahindagurika. Nyamara, uburyo bwo gukonjesha-gukama ni inzira igoye yo guhinduka, kandi hariho ibintu byinshi bitera intungamubiri za poroteyine mugihe cyo gukonjesha, gukonjesha, gukama no kubika, bityo rero ibintu bimwe na bimwe bikingira akenshi bikoreshwa muguhindura poroteyine mu nyandiko. Isukari, ikoreshwa cyane mu bicuruzwa byumye, itsinda rya hydroxyl mu miterere yaryo rishobora gusimbuza hydrogène hagati ya poroteyine n’amazi kugira ngo itange ingaruka zihamye, ni stabilisateur idasanzwe ya poroteyine, kandi irashobora kugira uruhare runini mu kurinda ibyiciro bitandukanye byo gukonjesha (nko gukonjesha, gukonjesha no gukama, n'ibindi). Ingaruka zo gukingira isukari zifitanye isano nubwoko bwa poroteyine na disaccharide, kandi disaccharide nizo zize cyane kandi zizwi cyane zo gukingira. Sucrose ni disaccharide igizwe na molekile imwe ya glucose na molekile imwe ya fructose, ihagaze neza mu miti kandi ahanini ifite imiterere ya amorphous, kandi igira uruhare runini mu gukumira imiterere ya kabiri ihinduka rya poroteyine, no kwagura no kwegeranya poroteyine mu gihe cya liyofiliza no kubika. Ugereranije na sucrose, trehalose ifite ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwikirahure, ubushyuhe buke, kandi ntigabanuke. Izi nyungu zerekana ko trehalose ishobora kugira ibyifuzo byinshi byo gusaba. Inzoga, nka mannitol, zikunze gukoreshwa nkuzuza zuzuza ubukonje buhoro kugirango zitange urwego rushyigikira ibintu bikora kandi ntirubyitwaramo.
Mannose ni monosaccharide, gushonga mumazi, gushonga gake muri Ethanol. Ifu idafite ibara cyangwa yera ifu ya kirisiti. Ifite uruhare runini muri metabolism yabantu, cyane cyane mubikorwa bya glycosylation ya proteine ??zihariye. Biragoye ko mannose yakirwa numubiri wumuntu, kandi izasohoka numubiri wumuntu nyuma yo kuribwa, cyane cyane binyuze mumpyiko, kandi muri rusange metabolike ni amasaha umunani. Kunywa mannose ntabwo bitera kwiyongera kw'isukari mu maraso, bityo rero ni ubwoko bw'isukari abantu bamwe barwaye diyabete bashobora kurya. Muri kamere, mannose ibaho muburyo bwubuntu mu mbuto zimwe na zimwe, nka cranberries, pome, amacunga, n'ibindi. Mu mubiri w'umuntu, mannose ikwirakwizwa mu ngingo zose n'amaraso, harimo uruhu, ingingo ndetse n'imitsi. Muri izo nyama, mannose igira uruhare muguhuza glycoproteine ??igenga imikorere ya sisitemu ya autoimmune. Ubushakashatsi bw’amavuriro bwerekanye ko mannose ishobora kuvura no gukumira indwara zanduza inkari, bityo bimwe mu bicuruzwa by’ubuzima bw’amahanga hamwe na mannose nkibice byingenzi bikoreshwa mu kubungabunga ubuzima bw’inkari. Mannitol ni inzoga yisukari, ubusanzwe igabanywa nisukari (mannose), ni isomers ya sorbitol, gushonga mumazi, ifu ya kirisiti yera, ifite uburyohe busa na sucrose. Mannitol ntishobora gukoreshwa gusa nka skeleton nziza cyane, ariko kandi irashobora gukoreshwa nka proteine ??ikingira poroteyine mu nyandiko zimwe na zimwe. Ingaruka zo gukingira mannitol kuri poroteyine zijyanye no kwibanda hamwe n’imiterere ya morfologiya, kandi kwibanda kwayo rimwe na rimwe bifitanye isano na morfologiya ya kristu. Mubisanzwe abantu bemeza ko mannitol ya amorphous ifite umurimo wo guhagarika poroteyine mugihe mannitol ya kristu yatakaje imikorere yayo yo kurinda. Imyunyungugu ya Mannitol ya 1% cyangwa irenga irinda kwegeranya imiti ya poroteyine binyuze mu gushiraho amorphous, ariko cyane cyane mannitol ikunda korohereza no guteza imbere gukusanya imiti ya poroteyine. Kuri poroteyine nyinshi, kubika kuri 4 ° C ni igihe gito gusa (hafi icyumweru 1) nyuma yo kongera guhagarikwa. Kubikwa igihe kirekire, birasabwa gutegura ibinyomoro (bigomba kuba birimo poroteyine zitwara abantu, nka 0.1% BSA, 5% HSA, cyangwa 10% FBS) hanyuma ugashyiramo ibikonjesha bikonje kuri -20 ℃ cyangwa -80 ℃. Ni ngombwa kwirinda gukonjesha no gukonja inshuro nyinshi, kuko buri gukonjesha no gukonjesha bizatera poroteyine idakora igice. Trehalose na mannitol mubisanzwe byongerwaho 8% (misa nubunini) nkabarinda lyofilize. Trehalose irashobora gukumira imiterere ya kabiri ihinduka rya poroteyine no kurambura no kwegeranya poroteyine mugihe cya lyophilisation. Mannitol kandi ikoreshwa cyane mu kurinda no kuzuza ibintu bishobora kugabanya kwirundanya kwa poroteyine zimwe na zimwe nyuma ya lyofilizasiyo. Uzuza arashobora gutanga imiterere ikwiye ya cake yumye, akagira uruhare muburyo bukwiye bwa cake yumye, hanyuma agakora imiterere ya pore. Ububabare nibisabwa kugirango sublimation y'amazi akonje, kandi imyenge nini irashobora kugabanuka vuba, bityo igihe cyambere cyo kumisha gishobora kugabanuka. Kwiyongera kwuzuza bituma igihe gito cyumye (ubushyuhe bwibicuruzwa Tp?Tg 'cyangwa Tc) kandi birashobora gukoreshwa nkuburyo bwo kunoza uburyo bwa biofarmaceutical lyophilisation. Mubisanzwe igipimo cya stabilisateur nuwuzuza kigomba kuba byibuze 1: 2 kugirango gitange kristalisation ikenewe. Lattice yavuyemo itanga ubufasha bwibikoresho mubice bya amorphous. Hejuru ya Tg ', leta ya amorphous yashizweho na sisitemu yo gutegura ntabwo ikomeye cyane kugirango ishyigikire uburemere bwayo kandi izasenyuka kuri neti ya kristu. Bitewe n'inkunga ya mashini, gusenyuka birashobora gukumirwa nubwo ubushyuhe bwumye burenze Tg '(cyangwa na Tc). Mubisobanuro hamwe na protein yibanda kuri