Citicoline (cytidine 5-diphosphate choline, CDP-choline) ni ngombwa mu gukora fosifolipide nka fosifatidiloline. Izi molekile zubaka utugingo ngengabuzima hamwe n’imitsi ikingira umubiri [1]. Citicoline ni molekile igoye kuruta choline isanzwe, cyangwa na alpha-GPC, ariko ni ibintu bimwe bisanzwe bikorwa mubwonko. Kugira ngo hirindwe urujijo, abahanga bahisemo kubyita "citicoline" iyo ikoreshejwe nk'ubuvuzi na "CDP-choline" iyo ikorewe mu mubiri [2]. Iyo bimaze gufatwa, birekura ibice bibiri: cytidine na choline. Nyuma yo kurenga inzitizi yubwonko bwamaraso, neuron mubwonko irabikoresha mugukora citoline nizindi fosifolipide [3]. Choline yongerera acetyloline nizindi neurotransmitter kugirango sisitemu yimitsi ikore neza. Umubiri uhindura citoline mubindi bintu byinshi byingirakamaro. Kubwibyo, citoline irashobora kugira inyungu nyinshi ningaruka nke ugereranije na choline isanzwe [4,5,3].

Uburyo ikora

Citicoline yongera umusaruro wa neurotransmitter hamwe nuduce twubaka selile. Usibye acetylcholine, itera norepinephrine na dopamine mu bwonko [4,6]. Irashobora kongera ubwonko bwamaraso kandi igatera mitochondriya kubyara ingufu nyinshi [4,5,2]. Urwego ruhagije rwa CDP choline irinda fosifatiidylcholine na sphingomyelin, yubaka imitsi ikingira yitwa myelin. Citicoline irabuza kandi umusemburo wa enzyme fosifolipase A2 kandi ikongerera glutathione antioxydeant [7,8]. Muri make, imikorere ya citoline mu kuringaniza imiyoboro ya neurotransmitter no kurinda sisitemu y'imitsi kwirinda okiside ndetse no kwangirika kw'imyaka [9,10,1].

Inkomoko y'ibiryo

Umubiri uhindura citicoline kuva cytidine na choline. Inzira nziza yo kongera urugero rwa citoline ikoresheje ibiryo ni ukurya ibiryo bihagije bitanga byombi. Ibiryo bikungahaye kuri Choline birimo [11,12]: Inyama z'umubiri (umwijima) amagi y'inkoko Amafi y'inkoko Intete zose Cytidine ni nucleoside ya RNA yibanda cyane ku nyama (cyane cyane inyama z'ingingo); Iboneka kandi muri colostrum [13,14]. Inyongera ya Citoline (Cognizin, Somazina) nandi masoko ashobora kuba ya choline yinyongera, hiyongereyeho: choline alpha-GPC phosphatidylcholine lecithin

Ibyiza byubuzima bwa citoline birashobora kuba bifite ishingiro

1) Kongera ubumenyi

Kugabanuka kwimyaka bijyanye no kumenya ubwenge Ubushobozi bwubwenge bukunda kugabanuka uko imyaka igenda ishira bitewe no kugabanuka kwamaraso mu bwonko cyangwa izindi mpamvu. Isuzuma ryakozwe ku mavuriro 14 y’amavuriro ryanzuye ko CDP-choline ishobora kunoza imitekerereze n’imyitwarire ku barwayi bafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe bworoheje kandi butagereranywa, harimo n’abafite ubwonko buke mu bwonko [9]. Hashingiwe ku mibare yatanzwe n’abarwayi barenga 2.800 bageze mu zabukuru, nyuma yo guhabwa imiti ya citoline, ibibazo byo kwibuka byazimye ku barwayi 21% kandi kwibuka byateye imbere ku barwayi 45%. Ubu bushakashatsi bwabuze umwanya wo kugenzura, bityo rero tugomba gufata ibisubizo hamwe ningano yumunyu [18]. Citicoline (1000mg mu gihe cy'amezi 9) yagiriye akamaro abarwayi 350 bageze mu za bukuru bafite ubumuga bworoheje bwo kumenya kuko yashoboye [19]: Kongera imbaraga mu mitsi kugira ngo yongere urugero rwa norepinephrine na dopamine kugira ngo wirinde kwangirika kwa okiside Mu bushakashatsi butatu bwakozwe ku barwayi 210 bafite ikibazo cyo guta umutwe no gutembera mu bwonko, CDP-choline yongereye kwibuka, umuvuduko ukabije, ndetse n'imyitwarire. Iyo urugero rwa citicoline (2000mg) rwinshi, niko ingaruka nziza [20,21,22]. Abantu benshi bakoresha citicoline mugutezimbere imitekerereze, kongera kwibuka, no kwirinda kugabanuka kwubwenge. Reka turebe icyo siyanse ivuga ku ruhare rwayo nk'urujijo ... Mu bigeragezo bibiri by’amavuriro ku bantu 135 bakuze bafite ubuzima bwiza, citoline (250-500mg) yazamuye ibitekerezo no gusobanuka neza [23,24]. Ikinyobwa kirimo cafeyine na choline ya CDP (250 mg) byongereye ubushobozi bwo kumenya no kugabanya igihe cyo kwitwara ku bakorerabushake 60. Cafeine ni ikintu kizwi cyane kandi gishobora kuba cyaragize uruhare mu bisubizo [25]. Ku bantu 24 bakuze bafite ubuzima bwiza, urugero rwinshi rwa citoline (500 cyangwa 1000mg) rwateje imbere ibimenyetso bitandukanye byerekana ubwenge - umuvuduko wo gutunganya, gukora no kwibuka mu magambo, imikorere nyobozi - ariko gusa kubafite ubushobozi buke bwo kumenya [26]. Muri ubwo bushakashatsi bumwe, inyongera nta ngaruka zagize ku bakora hagati ndetse ndetse nubushobozi buke bwubwenge buke mubakora cyane. [26] Kunywa urumogi byangiza ubushobozi bwubwenge. Mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe ku banywa itabi rya marijuwana 19 idakira, citoline (mg 2000 ku munsi mu byumweru 8) yagabanije ibisubizo bidahwitse kandi inoze imikorere yubwenge. Abitabiriye amahugurwa bose bifuzaga kureka itabi, kandi abashakashatsi bavuga ko ingaruka za citoline zishobora kubafasha kubayobora muri icyo cyerekezo [27,28]. Nk’ubushakashatsi bwibanze, citicoline irashobora kongera ibitekerezo no kumvikana mu mutwe, cyane cyane kubantu bafite ubushobozi buke bwo kumenya.

2) Kwisubiraho

Guhagarika amaraso mu karere runaka k'ubwonko birashobora kwica neuron kandi bigatera ubwonko bukabije. Citicoline irashobora gufasha mugukomeza imitsi no guhagarika umusaruro wubusa [29,30]. Dukurikije meta-isesengura ry’ibizamini bine by’amavuriro (abarwayi barenga 1.300), gufata 2000mg ya citoline mu masaha 24 nyuma y’ubwonko bwongereye amahirwe yo gukira burundu 38% [10]. Imibare yatanzwe n’abacitse ku icumu barenga 4000 yerekana ko citoline iteza imbere umusaruro no gukira sida; Dose yo hejuru (2000-4000mg) irakora neza. Nta kugenzura umwanya wabyo muri ubu bushakashatsi, ku buryo nta myanzuro ifatika yashoboraga gufatwa [31]. Ubushakashatsi bubiri bw’abarwayi barenga 3.000 bwerekanye ko nta nyungu nini ya CDP-choline itera indwara ikaze [32,33]. Ibiyobyabwenge byambaye imyenda bikomeza guhitamo ubwonko bukabije. Ibice bibiri byahurijwe hamwe byanzuye ko citoline ishobora gutanga izindi nyungu cyangwa gufasha abarwayi badashoboye kwivuza [34,35]. Gutanga igihe cya citoline birashobora kunoza imitsi, ariko ubushakashatsi ni buke. Ibiyobyabwenge byambaye imyenda bikomeza guhitamo ubwonko bukabije.

3) Ibibazo by'icyerekezo

Kimwe no kurinda imitsi mu bwonko no mu ruti rw'umugongo, citoline irashobora kugira ingaruka zimwe kuri nervice optique. Irashobora guhindura ibyangiritse kuri neuron retina kandi igafasha kuvura indwara zamaso nka [1]: Optic neuropathie Glaucoma Amblyopia Glaucoma Kongera umuvuduko wamaso nibindi bintu bishobora kwangiza imitsi ya optique bigatera glaucoma, rimwe na rimwe bigatera ubuhumyi bwuzuye [36]. Mu bigeragezo bibiri by’amavuriro ku barwayi 80 ba glaucoma, citoline yo mu kanwa igihe kirekire yasannye kwangiza imitsi, kureba neza, no kudindiza indwara [37,38]. Amaso ya Citicoline yerekanaga ibisubizo bimwe mubindi bigeragezo bibiri byo kwa muganga (abarwayi 68) [39,40]. Amblyopia, cyangwa "ijisho ry'ubunebwe," bibaho mugihe amaso n'ubwonko bidashyikirana neza. Irashobora gutera intumbero itagaragara mu jisho rimwe. [41] Mu bigeragezo bitatu by’amavuriro by’abana 190, citoline yo mu kanwa yateje imbere ubuvuzi bwa amblyopia (patch eye) [42,43,44]. Gutera choline ya CDP (1000mg buri munsi) byakijije imitsi ya optique ndetse no kubona neza abantu 10 bakuze bafite amblyopiya. Ubushakashatsi bwari bufite urugero ruto rw'icyitegererezo kandi bukabura aho bugenzura, ibisubizo rero birakemangwa [45]. Optic neuropathique Optic neuropathie nubundi bwoko bwimvune ya optique ishobora kubangamira iyerekwa. Ku barwayi 26 barwaye neuropathique optique, citicoline (1600mg / ku munsi mu mezi 2) yatezimbere icyerekezo cyo gusana ibyangiritse. Ibimenyetso bidahagije Nta bimenyetso bifatika by’amavuriro byemeza ikoreshwa rya citoline mu kuvura indwara iyo ari yo yose iri muri iki gice. Ibikurikira nincamake yubushakashatsi bwibikoko biherutse, ubushakashatsi bushingiye ku ngirabuzimafatizo, cyangwa ibizamini byo mu rwego rwo hasi bidakwiye gukora iperereza. Ariko, ntugomba kubisobanura nkugufasha inyungu zose zubuzima.

4) Gukomeretsa ubwonko

Guhangayikishwa na Oxidative, autoimmune reaction, hamwe nuburozi bwibidukikije bishobora kwangiza ingirabuzimafatizo zikomeye. Citicoline irinda ubwonko nu mugongo kurinda izo mpungenge mukurinda myelin sheath ya selile no kuzamura neurotransmitter. Indwara ya Alzheimer Mu bigeragezo bitatu by’amavuriro, Citicoline (1000mg buri munsi mu mezi 1-3) yateje imbere ibimenyetso by’indwara ya Alzheimer [47,48,49]: Kunoza imikorere yo mu mutwe byatumye amaraso atembera mu bwonko agabanya urugero rwa molekile zitera umuriro (histamine na IL1B) Icyakora, kutagira igenzura rya platbo mu bushakashatsi bwombi byatumye ibisubizo bikemangwa. Mu bushakashatsi bwa gatatu, abarwayi bafite irondakoko ryindwara ya Alzheimer (abatwara APOE-e4) bagize inyungu nyinshi. Iki nigisubizo cyingenzi kuko abatwara APOE-e4 bitabira muburyo butandukanye (kandi akenshi bubi) mubikorwa bitandukanye [48,50]. Citicoline yongereye imbaraga zo kuvura imiti ku ndwara ya Alzheimer kandi idindiza iterambere ry’ibigeragezo bibiri byo kureba (abarwayi barenga 600) [51,52]. Imbeba zifite indwara ya Alzheimer, citoline irinda imyakura ihindagurika rya poroteyine kandi igabanya umuvuduko w'amaraso. Kubera iyo mpamvu, imbeba zagize ubumuga buke bwo kumenya no kwibuka neza [53]. Citicoline irashobora gufasha kuvura indwara ya Alzheimer no kunoza ubuvuzi busanzwe, ariko ibimenyetso byubuvuzi biriho birakomeye. Indwara ya Parkinson Kurimbura neuron ya dopamine mu ndwara ya Parkinson itera kunangira imitsi, guhinda umushyitsi, n'ibindi bimenyetso. Imbeba zifite uburwayi bwa Parkinson, citicoline igabanya imitsi ikomeza urugero rwa dopamine mu bwonko. Yongera kandi ingaruka zo kuvura bisanzwe [54,55]. Indwara ya sclerose nyinshi Kurimbuka kwa myelin sheath yimpapuro zo hanze zishobora gutera sclerose nyinshi, iherekejwe nubumuga bukomeye bwumubiri nubwenge. Mu nyamaswa zifite sclerose nyinshi, abahanga mu bya siyansi babonye ubushobozi bwa citoline kugira ngo myelin igarure kandi ihuze moteri [56,57].

5) Indwara zo mu mutwe no kwizizirwa n'ibiyobyabwenge

Kwiheba Mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe ku barwayi 50, kongeramo citoline kuri antidepressant (citalopram) byateje imbere ibimenyetso byo kwiheba no gukira [58]. Imbeba, CDP-choline yongerera urugero rwa norepinephrine, dopamine, na serotonine mu bwonko, mu bwonko, no mu bigo bigenda [59,60]. Methamphetamine na banywa kokayine Citicoline yagabanije ibimenyetso byo kwiheba ku bantu 60 banywa methamphetamine (meth), ariko nta ngaruka byagize ku ikoreshwa ry'ibiyobyabwenge (2000 mg / ku munsi mu gihe cy'amezi 3). Mu bundi bushakashatsi bwakozwe ku bantu 31 banywa methamphetamine, citoline yarinze ubwonko kandi igabanya ikoreshwa ry'ibiyobyabwenge [61,62]. Mu bantu barenga 130 banywa kokayine bafite ikibazo cya bipolar, citicoline (500-2000 mg mu mezi 3) yagabanije gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge ariko ntibyagize ingaruka ku mwuka. Icyakora, mu igeragezwa ry’abakoresha 20 ba kokayine baremereye, ntacyo byatanze [63,64,65]. Isuzuma ry’imanza icyenda ryanzuye rivuga ko citoline ishobora kugira inyungu nkeya ku biyobyabwenge, cyane cyane kokayine, ariko byagaragaje ko hakenewe ibimenyetso bifatika by’amavuriro [66]. Citicoline yongereye imbaraga zo kuvura bisanzwe ku barwayi 66 barwaye sikizofreniya. Itezimbere ibimenyetso byitwa "bibi" nko kudindira amarangamutima, gushyikirana nabi, no gukomera. Ibi biragoye cyane kuvura hakoreshejwe imiti isanzwe [67]. Ku bantu 24 bakuze bafite ubuzima bwiza, CDP-choline yongerera ubumenyi mu gukurura reseptor ya nicotinic acetylcholine, ubusanzwe idakora muri sikizofreniya [26]. Ubushakashatsi bwibanze buratanga ikizere, ariko nta bimenyetso bihagije byemeza ikoreshwa rya citoline mu kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe n’ibiyobyabwenge.