??????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????. ??? ???? (1 → 4) ????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? β - D-?????????? ????? (M) ?? α - L-?????????? ????? (G) ????? ??????? ??. ??????? ????????? ???? ???????? ??? ????????????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????????, ?????????????, ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ??. ??????? ????????? ??? 1938 ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ???????. ??????? ????????? ?? - COO - ????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???, ?? ???? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ??. ?? ???????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ?????? ??????? ????, - COO - COOH ??? ????????? ?? ???, ??????? ????? ??? ??, ??????? ????????? ?? ????????????? ??? ??, ???? ???? ?????? ???, ?? pH ??? ???? ??. COOH ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???, ??????? ????????? ?? ????????????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????. ???????, ??????? ????????? ?????? ???? pH ???????????? ??. ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ???. Ca2+?? Sr2+???? ?????? ????? ???, G ????? ??? Na+ ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ???, G ???? ???? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???????, ?????? ???????????? ?????. ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ?? ???, ?????? ?????? ???, ????????, ???, ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????. ??? ??????? ?????? ????, ??????? ????????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??.