Flavour Enhancer, inozivikanwawo sekuti flavour enhancer, inoreva zvinhu zvinogona kuwedzera zvakanyanya kana kunatsiridza kunaka kwekutanga kwechikafu. Muindasitiri yekunhuhwirira, kuti ugadzirise zvinodikanwa zvekunhuhwirira, kazhinji kuwedzera zvinonhuhwirira kuti zviwedzere kusimba kwekunaka, kuderedza mutengo, uye kuita kuti kunhuhwirira kuwedzere kurongeka, kupfuma, kupfava uye kwechokwadi. Kunhuhwirira kwechikafu kunowanzo kupatsanurwa kuita kutapira (senge sitirobheri, apuro, pichisi, nezvimwewo) uye munyu munyu (sezvinonhuhwira, nyama inonaka), nyama inonaka chinhu chakakosha cheindasitiri yekunakirwa kwechikafu, nyama inonhuhwirira inogona kupatsanurwa muzvikamu zvitanhatu zvinotevera:

1) Chikafu chinonaka monomer (Chemical) : maltol, ethyl maltol, furfuryl mercaptan, furfuryl mercaptan, 2-mercapto-3-furan mercaptan, bis (2-methyl-3-furan) disulfide, methyl cyclopentenolone (MCP), nezvimwewo;

2) Umami agents: Sodium glutamate (MSG), sodium inosine (IMP), sodium guanylate (GMP), sodium inosine + sodium guanylate (I + G), monosodium succinate (MSS), disodium succinate (DSS), nezvimwewo;

3) Mafuta anokosha echisikigo uye maitiro avo akavhenganiswa: sesesame mafuta, sesame flavour uye mamwe zvinonhuwira mafuta anokosha, resin kana blended flavour;

4) Mafuta anonhuwira anogadzirwa muMaillard reaction: zvakadai sealdehydes kana ketones uye cysteine ????inogadzirwa mukuita kwezvishoma zvishoma zvehydrogen sulfide;

5) Zvimwe zvinonaka zvechisikigo uye zvinonhuwira: zvakadai sekuwedzera zvishoma nyama yenguruve uye huku yehuku kune nyama yemombe inonaka, uye kuwedzera hushoma hwehuku uye nyama yemombe kune nyama yenguruve.

Meat flavour enhancer ine zvinotevera maitiro:

1) Huwandu hudiki, kunhuhwirira kwekusimudzira kwakakosha;

2) Aroma enhancer pachayo inogona kusapa kunhuhwirira, uye haizoshandure chimiro uye kuumbwa kwezvimwe zvinhu zvinonhuhwirira, asi inogona kushandura mashandiro emuviri wemunhu, ndiko kuti, kusimbisa kurudziro yetsinga dzemunhu, kuvandudza nekuvandudza kunzwisiswa kwemasero anonhuhwirira, uye kusimbisa kutapurirana kweruzivo rwekunhuhwirira;

3) Deredza huwandu hwezvimwe zvinhu zvinonhuhwirira kana kuderedza huwandu hwekupedzisira hwekunhuhwirira nekuwedzera zvakanyanya kunhuhwirira, nokudaro kuderedza mutengo;

4) Zvimwe zvinonhuhwirira hazvingove nemhedzisiro yekunhuhwirira, asiwo zvine hunhu hwakanaka hwekunhuhwirira, izvo zvinogona kuita kuti kunhuhwirira kurongerwe, kupfava, kupfuma, uye kureba kunhuhwirira kwekuchengetedza nguva;

5) Mamwe ma flavour ekuwedzera ane akakosha mamorekuru chimiro, uye anogona kuita nezvimwe zvinhu mukugadzirisa kugadzira zvimwe zvinhu zvinonhuhwirira, senge furanone, MCP, nezvimwewo;

6) Huwandu hweanonhuhwirira mumiririri ane mhedzisiro pakunhuhwirira. Zvimwe zvinonhuhwirira hazvizokanganisa kunhuhwirira kwese kunhuhwirira kana kuchishandiswa muhuwandu hukuru, senge maltol, ethyl maltol, nezvimwewo, nepo zvimwe zvinonhuhwirira zvichiunza kunhuhwirira kusingafadzi kana zvichishandiswa zvakanyanya, senge furfuryl mercaptan, MCP, nezvimwewo;

7) Nekuda kweiyo synergistic mhedzisiro pakati pekunhuhwirira, ivo vanowanzo shandiswa pamwechete.

Kuunzwa kweakasiyana-siyana nyama flavour enhancers

A, inodyiwa flavour monomer kirasi

(a) Maltol uye ethyl maltol ese ari maviri akafara spectrum ekunhuhwirira, mukuongororwa kweGC/MS kweimwe nyama inonaka yakawana kuti chikamu chakati wandei chenyama inonaka yakawedzera mumera kana ethyl maltol, iyo yakawedzerwa huwandu hwe1% kusvika 20% (pano inoreva chiyero chemhando yezvinonhuwira mukuravira, kusasanganisa zvinonyungudutsa). Maltol (Maltol, Veltol), zita rekutengesa reflavol, Palatone, Kopalin, zita remakemikari 2-methylpyromeconic acid, ine kunhuhwirira kwakakosha kwakafanana neshuga yekrimu yakatsva, inotsanangurwawo sekunhuhwirira kwecaramel, inoputika, yakanyungudutswa pa93 ℃, Zvigadzirwa zvechisikigo zvinowanikwa mumalt yakakangwa, tsono dzepaini, chicory. Ethy Maltol (Vetol2plus), kemikari inozivikanwa se 2-ethyl pyromeconic acid, ine caramel inogara kwenguva refu uye inonhuwira muchero, ine kunhuhwirira kunotapira uye kunhuhwirira kunotapira muchero mutete mhinduro. Zvose zvinonyunguduka mumvura, ethanol uye propylene glycol (PG) inofanira kubhadhara kune zvinotevera 4 pfungwa pakushandisa: 1) Zvose zvine phenol hydroxyl, uye kusangana nemidziyo yesimbi ichave yakatsvuka, saka dzivisa kushandisa midziyo yesimbi; 2) Pasi pemamiriro e acidic, kunhuhwirira kwekusimudzira kwakanaka, asi pasi pemamiriro ealkaline, mhedzisiro yacho inoderedzwa nekuda kwekuparadzaniswa kweboka rephenol hydroxyl; 3) Kunhuhwirira kwekuwedzera kwe ethyl maltol kunenge 3-8 nguva yemaltol, uye dosi inogona kuderedzwa kana uchishandisa yekutanga; 4) Kana ikashandiswa neI + G, MSG, MCP uye zvimwe zvinonhuhwirira, inogona kuwedzera mhedzisiro.

(b) MCPMCP, inozivikanwawo se3-methyl-1, 2-cyclopentenedione kana 3-methyl-2-hydroxy-2-cyclopentene-1-one, ichena kana chiedza yero crystalline poda ine maple uye acerlike kunhuhwirira, iyo inotsanangurwa se caramel kunhuhwirira. Kuvapo kwayo kwakaonekwa mune zvimwe zvinonaka zvenyama. MCP ine zvakafanana zvinonhuhwirira zvimiro kune maltol uye ethyl maltol, asi dosi haifanirwe kunge yakawandisa. Pasi pekushisa kwakanyanya kwekupisa, MCP inovhurawo ring uye kuita nezvimwe zvinhu zvinonhuhwirira kugadzira yakasarudzika nyama inonhuwira.

(3) Furfuryl Mercaptan, inozivikanwawo sekofi mercaptan, 2-furanyl methylmercaptan. Munzvimbo dzakakwirira, ine kunhuhwirira kusingafadzi kwesarufa, uye kana yakanyungudutswa, inonhuwira kofi nenyama. Iyo 1% furfuryl mercaptan zvigadzirwa zvinogadzirwa nemamwe makambani makuru zvine kunhuhwirira kwakasimba kwenyama, nyama yakagochwa (zvakare seyemombe), uye haina kunaka kwekofi. Iyo GC/ MS ongororo yezvimwe zvinonaka nyama yakaona kuvepo kwefurfuryl mercaptan muhuwandu hwekutsvagisa, uye mapepa mazhinji akasimbisawo basa refurfuryl mercaptan uye akakurudzira kuwedzerwa kwehuwandu. Mukushandiswa chaiko, iyo furfuryl mercaptan inonatswa mu1% misa chikamu uye yobva yawedzerwa kune nyama inonaka mune zvishoma.

(4) Furaneol; Furanone) zita remakemikari 2, 5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3 (2H) -furanone, inonaka yezvokudya, flavour enhancer, synergist. Kare kuma1960, yakawanikwa muinanazi mutsva uye soup yemombe, saka inonziwo bromelain. Furanone ine pineapple yakasikwa, sitirobheri sechinhu chinonhuwira, chinotsanangurwawo sekupisa kunhuhwirira kwakanaka, nekunhuhwirira kwakajeka, kunhuhwirira kunotapira, kunogona kuita kuti kunhuhwirira kuve kwakatenderedza uye kwakapfava, uye kune basa rekudzivirira uye kuvhara kuravira kusingafadzi. Chimwe chikamu chefuranone chakaenzana ne5.5 kusvika ku6 zvikamu zve ethyl maltol uye 16 kusvika ku20 zvikamu zvemaltol mukuwedzera kunhuhwirira uye kudzivirira kunhuhwirira kusingafadzi. Mukuongorora kweGC/MS kweimwe nyama inonaka, kuvepo kwefuranone kwakaonekwa, uye chikamu chayo chinogona kunge chakakwira se5% yehuwandu hwekunaka. Kune rimwe divi, furanone zvakare inonhuhwirira precursor musanganiswa wekunaka kwenyama, iyo inogona kuita necysteine, cystine, ammonium sulfide uye zvimwe zvinhu kugadzira nyama inonaka zvinhu, uye kuburitsa shoma shoma yehydrogen sulfide. Zvinoenderana netsvagiridzo yaDing Desheng, kuwedzera furanone kuhuku essence kunogona kuwedzera kuzara uye kuenzana kwekunaka uye kuwedzera kunhuhwirira kwebarbecue. Kuwedzera furanone kune essence yemombe inogona kuwedzera kunaka uye kunhuhwirira zvakanyanya, uye kutsetseka uye kunhuhwirira kwekunaka kunowedzera zvakanyanya, izvo zvinoita kuti nyama ive yakawanda, ine muto uye ine muto. Mienzaniso yekushandiswa kwefuranone, (I + G) uye MSG inoratidzwa muTafura 1.

(5) Mamwe maflavour monomers ane kunhuhwirira kwakakosha kunowedzera uye modulating mhedzisiro ndeiyi: 2-methyl-3-furan mercaptan, bis (2-methyl-3-furan) disulfide, 2-methyl-3-methyl-mercaptan, 2-methyl-3-tetrahydrofuran mercaptan, nezvimwewo izvi zvinonhuhwirira zvinonhuhwirira zvine kunhuhwirira kwenyama, asi zvinodhura zvakanyanya munyama, asi zvinodhura zvakanyanya munyama uye roast. mari.

Vaviri, umami agent class

(a) MSGMSG iMSG, inozivikanwawo seL-glutamate sodium, sodium glutamate. MSG haina kunhuwa, ine umami, zvinotapira uye zvine munyu zvinonhuhwirira, uye kuravira kwepakati i0.014%. MSG inobata kumucheto kumberi kwerurimi uye neshaya mbiri, uye ine pfungwa yakasimba yekukanganisa yakananga yeumami uye preconsciousness. Umami iine monotonous, uye mhedzisiro yeumami inoratidzwa mukati mepfungwa yepakati, uye umami inouya nekukurumidza uye inoenda nekukurumidza.

MSG ine synergistic mhedzisiro ine IMP, GMP uye (I + G). (MSG + IMP) Pa 0.05 g/ L mass concentration, apo MSG∶IMP = 1∶1, umami yakasvika pakunyanya kusimba; Mumusanganiswa weMSG neIMP, chikamu chikuru cheIMP chakawedzera kubva pazero kusvika pa50%, uye kusimba kweumami kwakawedzera mune convex parabolic chimiro. Chikamu chikuru cheIMP chakawedzera kubva pa50% kusvika ku100%, uye kusimba kweumami kwakaderera mu convex parabolic shape.

MSG inowanzosanganiswa ne (I + G) kugadzira MSG yakasimba, 99% MSG + 1% (I + G) inogona kuwedzerwa ne2 nguva, 98% MSG + 2% (I + G) inogona kuwedzerwa ne3.5 nguva; 96%.

(2) IMP, GMP uye (I + G) IMP uye GMP iripo muhuwandu hukuru muzvipfuwo uye huku zvigadzirwa zvakadai semombe, nyama yenguruve nehuku, uye hove dzegungwa dzakadai sardines, eels, white spotted pike uye hove dzinonhuhwirira. IMP uye GMP ine umami wakasimba, uye umami intensity yeGMP inenge 3 nguva yakawanda kupfuura yeIMP, uye musanganiswa wezviviri unowanzoshandiswa kutengeserana (kureva, I + G, IMP uye GMP account ye50% imwe neimwe). MSG, IMP, GMP, (I + G) inogona kuita kuti nyama inonaka iwedzere, yakakwana, inonatsiridza uye kuvandudza kunaka kwenyama, kushingirira uye pfungwa yakasimba.

(3) MSS uye DSSMSS, DSS zvose zvine umami uye yakakosha shellfish kuravira, saka inozivikanwawo mune zvekutengeserana se scallops, shellfish (yakadai se clam nyama, oyster, snails, scallops, abalone, clams, nezvimwewo) umami main components, inogona kushandiswa sezvokudya zvegungwa zvinonaka. Ose ari maviri ane synergistic mhedzisiro neMSG.

3.Natural anokosha mafuta kana blended essence

Inonyanya kushandiswa mafuta anokosha ndeye sesame mafuta. Sesame isina kugochwa ine zvinhu zvishoma zvekunhuwirira, inongove nemhando dzinodarika gumi dzealdehyde (senge valeraldehyde, hexal, heptanaldehyde, furfural, 5-methylfurfural, etc.), phenol dzakawanda (phenol, guaiacol, nezvimwewo) uye anopfuura gumi marudzi ezvimwe zvinhu zvinonhuhwirira. Zvisinei, mushure mekugocha sesame, zvikamu zvayo zvekunhuhwirira uye huwandu hunowedzera zvakanyanya. Kusanganisira mahydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids, furans, phenols, lactones, pyrazines, pyrroles, pyridines, oxazoles, nitriles, thiazoles, thiophenes, mercaptans uye sulfides nezvimwe zvikamu gumi nenomwe zve208 aroma substance. Mafuta eSesame anotorwa kubva kuRoast-ed sesame ane kunhuhwirira kwakasimba uye kunhuhwirira kwakanaka. Kana iwe uchida kuwedzera sesame mafuta kumvura inonaka, zvakakosha kutanga emulsify mafuta emusesame, zvikasadaro chiitiko chemafuta anoyangarara chichaitika mushure mekuwedzera, zvichikanganisa kutaridzika uye kunaka kwekunaka. Mune mamwe anotengeswa anowanikwa mafuta akasanganiswa kana saladhi mafuta, sesame mafuta anowanzowedzerwa kuwedzera kunaka, kuvandudza kukosha kwakawedzerwa kwechigadzirwa. Pamusoro pekushandiswa kwemafuta echisikigo sesame, sesame mafuta anonhuwira anogonawo kushandiswa. Kana kunhuhwirira kwemafuta echisikigo sesame kusina kusimba zvakakwana kana kuti hutano husina kugadzikana, inogona kugadziriswa nenzira inonhuhwirira.

Chechina, Maillard maitiro kugadzira zvinonakisa

Rudzi urwu rwekuita rwakataurwa mune zvidzidzo zvakawanda, somuenzaniso: 1) VB1 → bis (2-methyl-3-furanyl) disulfide; 2) α-hydroxyl ketone + (NH4) 2S →H2S, nezvimwewo; 3) Aldehyde + (NH4) 2S →H2S, nezvimwewo; 4) Furanones nemaumbirwo awo analogues + (NH4) 2S →H2S, nezvimwe.

Kuti uderedze mutengo wekunaka kwenyama uye uvandudze simba rayo, kuzara uye kurongeka, zvinodikanwa kuwedzera nyama inonhuhwirira. Nekudaro, haisi yega yega flavour enhancer inogona kuiswa kune flavour yenyama, kazhinji, MSG, (I + G), furanone, maltol uye ethyl maltol inokodzera zvakasiyana-siyana zvekunaka kwenyama, MSS, DSS yekunakirwa kwegungwa, sesame mafuta akakodzera nyama yenguruve, nyama yemombe, ham, roast uye mamwe marudzi ekunaka.