Mhedzisiro ye gluten pane rheological properties ye noodles uye kushandiswa kwayo

Muitiro wacho unoratidza kuti iyo extrusion pressure, kukotama simba uye tensile stress of the bar mushure mekuwedzera gluten zviri pachena kuvandudzika, kunyanya mhedzisiro yemacaroni inonyanya kushamisa.

Mhedzisiro yekuwedzera gluten panguva yekuvirisa mukanyiwa uye kushandiswa kwayo

Zvinoenderana nechidzidzo chekuyedza pahuwandu hwe gluten yakawedzerwa, hupfu hwakashandiswa hwaive hupfu hwechingwa hwakagadzirwa naHuangshi, uye chiridzwa chaive Brabander fermenter. Zvakaonekwa kuti mukati meimwe nhanho, nguva yekuvirisa yehupfu yakapfupikiswa zvishoma nezvishoma nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwe gluten yakawedzerwa.

Izvi zvinodaro nekuti kana hupfu nemvura zvasanganiswa, mapuroteni nemvura zvinodyidzana kuita viscoelastic-dimensional structure. Nekuwedzera kwe gluten kuwedzera, iyo yakanakisa network ye gluten inogona kubata yakawanda gasi, kuitira kuti mukanyiwa uwedzere nekukurumidza. Kana kuvirisa kukaramba kuchienderera, gasi rinogadzirwa nekuvirisa rinotambanudza chimiro chehelical cheprotein molecules. Muchiitiko ichi, iyo intermolecular -SS- ichashandurwa kuita intramolecular -SS-, kungofanana nekusanganiswa kwakanyanya kunoita kuti kuchengetwa kwegasi kuwedzere, kuitira kuti huwandu hwe gluten huwedzere kuwedzera, nguva yekuvirisa mukanyiwa inopfupiswa zvishoma nezvishoma.
Mhedzisiro ye gluten pamhando yezvigadzirwa zvakabikwa uye kushandiswa kwayo

Sarudza yakakosha hupfu yechingwa inotengeswa pamusika, kuburikidza nekuyedza kuona maitiro ekubikira echingwa ane giten dosage yakasiyana, hunhu hwekubikira hwechingwa hunova nani mushure mekuwedzera gluten hupfu. Zvisinei, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti chiyero chekuwedzera kwayo hachigoni kuwedzerwa pasina muganhu, nokuti mushure mekuwedzera kune imwe nhanho, kuwedzera kwevhoriyamu kunova kuduku, uye pachava nemitsetse yakawanda pamucheto wechingwa chechingwa, kuitira kuti ganda rirege kutsetseka, uye rinogonawo kuita kuti chingwa chionekwe chakatsva uye nyama haina kuibva, uye haisi yehupfumi. Kazhinji yakawedzerwa kune mapuroteni ane 13% kusvika 14% ndiyo inonyanya kukodzera.

Muchidimbu, nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwe gluten, chimiro chechingwa chakanaka, ma pores ari yunifomu uye spongy, hutano hunovandudzwa, uye chingwa chakanyanya kuwedzera, uye chingwa chinowedzera elastic.

Mukuwedzera, ruvara rwezvigadzirwa zvakabikwa zvakanyanya kukonzerwa neMallard reaction uye caramelization reaction. Nekuwedzerwa kwe gluten, iyo yakasununguka amino boka reprotein rinosangana neshuga, iyo inonyanya kuenderana neMaillard reaction, saka kuwedzera kwe gluten kuchaita kuti chingwa chive chakasviba ruvara, kusimba kwakasimba uye kushanda zvakanaka.

Kushandiswa kwe gluten muindasitiri yechikafu

Kushandiswa kweguten mumunda wekudya kunosanganisira zvigadzirwa zvehupfu, paste zvigadzirwa, granular uye fiber zvigadzirwa muzvigadzirwa zvechinyakare, senge roast gluten, mildew gluten, nyama yekare, huku yemuriwo, dhadha remuriwo, soseji yemuriwo, mafuta gluten zvichingodaro.
Kuenzaniswa neprotein yesoya, iyo yakasarudzika viscoelasticity uye emulsification ndeimwe mukana wakasiyana, uye yakapfuma mukudya uye inogona kushandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yezvekudya. Nekuvandudzwa kwemhando ye gluten, kunyanya kuvandudza tekinoroji yekugadzira ye denatured gluten nekudonha kamwe kamwe mukupisa kwekupisa tembiricha, chiyero chekushandisa chakawedzerwa, uye iko zvino chave kushandiswa zvakanyanya muzvipfuwo uye zvemvura zvakanatswa zvigadzirwa. Iyo zvakare inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mu elastic reinforcers kuenderera mberi nekuvandudza uye kushandisa seprotein reinforcers.
Kushandiswa kwe gluten muzvigadzirwa zvenyama yemhuka

Gluten inoshandiswa muzvigadzirwa zvenyama, uye kupisa kwayo denaturation (solidification) ndicho chikonzero chikuru chekunonoka kushandiswa kwayo.
Mumamiriro ezvinhu akajairwa, tembiricha inopisa ye gluten iri pamusoro pe80 ° C, uye tembiricha yekupisa yezvipfuyo zvakagadziriswa zvigadzirwa ndeye 70-75 ° C, panguva iyi yakadzika tembiricha, gluten inonetsa kutamba kwayo kwakakodzera.
Naizvozvo, iyo gluten inoshandiswa mukugadzirisa zvigadzirwa zvezvipfuyo kazhinji ndeye denatured gluten yakagadziriswa neanodzikisa ejenti kana ma enzyme kusvika pamwero, nekuti kupisa kwekupisa kweiyo denatured gluten kunoderedzwa ne65-70 ° C, saka inogona kushandiswa sekusimbisa elastic muzvigadzirwa zvesoseji, iyo yekuwedzera i2% -3%. Kana gluten ichishandiswa mumafuta nyama soseji uye zvimwe zvigadzirwa, emulsification yayo inoshandiswa zvakanyanya.

Kushandiswa kwe gluten mune zvigadzirwa zvemumvura

Mushure mekuwedzera gluten kune keke rehove, iyo gluten yakadzoreredzwa kuita inogoneka gluten network chimiro nekunyudzwa kwemvura, uye panguva imwecheteyo, iyo gluten yakatambanudzwa zvakaenzana munyama mushure mekukanya. Kuburikidza nekudziya, iyo gluten yakaramba ichitora mvura uye kupisa denaturate, zvichikonzera mhedzisiro yekusimbisa elasticity yekeke rehove.
Mari yakawedzerwa inowanzodzorwa pa2% -4% yakakwana, asi inofanira kuwedzerwa kana kuderedzwa maererano neyakagadzirwa, chinangwa chekushandisa, nezvimwewo, mushure mekuwedzera kusvikira mvura yanyatsopinda, kurungaidza, uye kuwedzera 1-2 nguva yehuwandu hwe gluten sezvinodiwa. Semuenzaniso, kuwedzerwa kwe gluten mumabhora ehove yakakangwa kunogona kuita zvakafanana, kunyanya kune nhamba yakawanda yemiriwo yakavhenganiswa uye zvimwe zvinhu zvakasvibirira, izvo zvinogona kuwedzera kunamatira uye kudzivirira kusimba uye kubata kuderera kunokonzerwa nekubuda kwemvura yemiriwo.

Mukugadzirwa kwehove soseji, kubva pakuchengetedzwa kwekufunga kwekudya, kazhinji usashandise zvigadziriso, pane kushandisa kupisa kwakanyanya kupisa kurapwa kuti uwane chinangwa chepamusoro-soro sterilization. Zvisinei, kana chikamu chehove yakaderera-giredhi yehove yakasvibirira yakakwira, saka kurapwa kwekushisa kwepamusoro kuri nyore nyore kuita kuti kunaka kwechigadzirwa kuderera, uye kuwedzerwa kwe gluten kunogona kubudirira kubudirira chinangwa chekudzivirira kukanganisa uku.
Nokuwedzera gluten kuti idzoke mu gluten, wozozadza casing uye kuyera gel simba painopisa kune zvakasiyana-siyana tembiricha, kupisa kusvika 130 ° C, simba regel harina kuderera.
Huwandu hwe gluten hwakawedzerwa mumasoseji ehove ndeye 3% -6%, asi inoda kushandura huwandu hunoenderana nemamiriro ezvakagadzirwa, sterilization mamiriro, nguva yekuwedzera gluten munyama inofanira kusarudzwa mushure mekuwedzera mafuta uye kubvongodza, iyo nzira ndeyekuisa zvakananga gluten, kuwedzera mvura kunofanirwa kuve yakawanda kupfuura chigadzirwa chekutonga (pasina gluten), nguva yekukurudzira inguva yakati rebei.
Kushandiswa kwe gluten muindasitiri yezvekudya

Nekuvandudzwa kwemararamiro evanhu uye nekusiyana-siyana kwekudya, vanhu havangosangana nezvigadzirwa zvechinyakare chete, asiwo kudiwa kwezvakasiyana-siyana zvemhando yepamusoro zvemvura uye zvigadzirwa zvemhuka zvine mapuroteni akawanda.
Muindasitiri yezvekudya, gluten inoshandiswa kugadzira yakakwira-giredhi zvigadzirwa zvemumvura zvakaita segakanje, eel, shrimp uye mamwe mabinder ekudya uye zvinovaka muviri zvinosimbisa zvinowedzera, izvo zvisingangogadziri kukosha kwekudya kwekudya, asi zvakare inovandudza huwandu hwekushandiswa kwechikafu mukugadzirwa kwechikafu chakamiswa, chivakwa chayo chekumisikidza mushure mekunyura kwemvura uye yakasikwa viscoelastic.

Kana tembiricha yemhando yepamusoro ye gluten iri 30-80 ℃, inogona kukurumidza kufemera kaviri muhuwandu hwemvura, iyo mapuroteni ane 75% -80% (yakaoma base). Kana iyo yakaoma base gluten inotora mvura, mapuroteni anoderera nekuwedzera kwekunyura kwemvura, kusvikira atora mvura yakakwana, mvura inokwana 65%, uye puroteni ine 25.27%. Kuita uku kunogona kudzivirira kuparadzaniswa kwemvura uye kunatsiridza kuchengetwa kwemvura.
Kana gluten yakanyatso kusanganiswa nezvimwe zvinoshandiswa mukudya, uye nekuda kwesimba rayo rekunamatira, zviri nyore kugadzira pellets, kuiswa mumvura mushure mekutora mvura, zvimedu zvekudya zvakaputirwa zvakakwana mumhepo yakanyorova ye gluten network uye yakamiswa mumvura, uye chikafu hachina kurasika, izvo zvinovandudza zvakanyanya kushandiswa kwemhuka.

Zvinoenderana nekuongororwa kwekudya kunovaka kwe gluten, ndiyo yakanakira puroteni sosi ine yakakwira protein yemukati uye yakakwana amino acid kuumbwa. Saizvozvo, muindasitiri yekudyisa, yakanakisa mapuroteni sosi inogona kushandiswa sechikafu chepamusoro-giredhi mhuka nemhuka dzinovaraidza.

Vegetarian, mukaka wezvinomera, zai nemukaka wezvinomera, muchero wezvinomera, miriwo yakawanda chero bedzi iyo gluten uye mamwe mapuroteni echikafu akasanganiswa muzvikamu zvakasiyana, uye zvinoenderana nehunhu hwekudya kwemhuka uye kushaikwa kwayo kwezvinhu zvakakosha zvekusanganisa zvine musoro zvinogona kuitwa mumhando dzakasiyana dzekudya kwakakosha kwemhuka.

Uye yakakwirira-giredhi gluten ane "chiedza doro kuravira" kana "zviyo zvishoma kuravira" kana yakasanganiswa nezvimwe zvokubikisa kugadzira zvokudya, zvinogona kunzi kuravidza zvakakwana, kunyanya akakodzera siyana dzinovaraidza, izvo zvinowedzera zvikuru mashandisirwo ayo zvokudya.
Kushandiswa kwe gluten muchikafu chemuriwo

Chikafu chisina nyama chakanyorwa seimwe yeakakosha maitiro echikafu mune ramangwana. Kuwanda kwevanhu vanodya miriwo kuri kusunda muitiro uyu mberi. Zvakadaro, kune marudzi mazhinji ekudya kwemuriwo, kusanganisira kuomesa miriwo, zai uye semi-vegetarian kudya. Mumakore achangopfuura, chikamu chekudya kwezvinomera mukugadzirwa kwezvokudya chakawedzera nokukurumidza, kunyanya munyika dzekuMadokero.

Vatengi vanokoshesa kudya kwezvinomera nokuda kwezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira zvinetso zvehutano (46%), vimbiso yehupenyu hwemhuka (15%), zvinetso zvezvakatipoteredza (4%), mhuri uye shamwari dzinofurira (12%), zvinetso zvetsika (5%), kana zvimwe zvikonzero zvisina chokwadi (18%), maererano neongororo. Iko kuenderera mberi kwekuvandudzwa kwezvigadzirwa kwakakurudzirawo kugadzirwa kwechikafu chakakosha chemuriwo.

Kushandiswa kwepuroteni yegorosi muzvokudya zvemiti haisi chinhu chitsva. Kare makore anopfuura 100 apfuura, zvigadzirwa zvinotsiva nyama zvinobva papuroteni yegorosi zvave zvakakurumbira muChina, Russia neSoutheast Asia.
Kubva pane viscoelastic gorosi protein, zvigadzirwa zvine chimiro chakafanana nenyama, uye zvine chewability yakanaka. Uchishandisa gorosi rakagadzirwa nepuroteni, rinogona kugadzirwa kuti rive chikafu chakasiyana-siyana chemuriwo, sehuku yemuriwo, soseji yekumavirira yemuriwo, yemuriwo huku saladhi, yemiriwo gakanje keke uye yemuriwo barbecue.
Izvi zvigadzirwa, kunze kwekuve nechimiro chakafanana nenyama muchimiro, chewability uye chitarisiko chinofadza, zvinobatsirawo kupa mapuroteni ekudya kune hutano. Kana yakavhenganiswa, kutemwa kana kupwanyika, inogona kuchengetedza fibrous texture uye kuumba chitarisiko chenyama, uye inogona kushandiswa seimwe nzira kune inodhura zvinhu zvakasvibirira, kuderedza mari yose yechigadzirwa.

Kushandiswa kwe gluten mukugadzira nyama

Kwemakore, mapuroteni egorosi anowanzo shanda ave kushandiswa sebhainda, kuzadza kana kuwedzera pakugadzira nyama, uye ine zvakawanda zvinoshanda zvekugadzira zvikumbiro.
Inoshandiswa sebhainda, inogona kuita basa rekuyambuka-inobatanidza nyama chimiro uye kuwedzera viscosity uye elasticity yechigadzirwa chakapedzwa. Inoshandiswa kufrying steak, inogona kugadzira viscoelastic mameseji uye inovandudza kugadzikana kwemavara.
Kana yakashandiswa kune zvimedu zvehuku zvakakangwa, kusimba kwemaitiro, juiciness uye kuchengetwa kwemvura kwechigadzirwa chakapedzwa kunovandudzwa zvakanyanya, uye kunamatira kwemafuta kunogona kuderedzwa uye kurasikirwa kwekukwegura kunogona kuderedzwa.
Kurapa kwehuku kana zvidimbu zvenyama, zvinogona kuvandudza kunamatira kwechigadzirwa chakapedzwa, kuderedza kurasikirwa kwekupora, uye kugadzirisa goho rechigadzirwa.
Mukugadzirisa kwezvigadzirwa zvekeke yenyama, mapuroteni egorosi anogona kushandiswa sesese binder uye mvura inonwisa mumiririri, iyo inogona kuvandudza slicing pfuma.

Pamusoro pezvo, puroteni yegorosi inowanzoshandiswa sekuwedzera kana kuzadza kwezvigadzirwa zvemince, izvo zvinogona kuvandudza goho rechigadzirwa uye kugadzikana kwekuchembera. Zvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki zveprotein yegorosi zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya muindasitiri yechikafu, kubva pakushandiswa sekuwedzera kune zvigadzirwa zvenyama kusvika pakugadzira chingwa chakasimbiswa-chikafu uye chikafu chakakosha chemuriwo.
Nekufamba kwemakore, yakashandiswa zvakanyanya mukugadzirwa chaiko kwezvigadzirwa zvenyama, zvinoshandiswa seyakabikwa kugadzira chikafu chakadaro zvinosanganisira:
Hydrolyzed colloids/colloid, starch, uye plasticized chirimwa mapuroteni. Zvigadzirwa zvepuroteni zvegorosi, izvo zvinokwanisa kutora huremu hwazvo hwemvura zvakapetwa katatu kana zvakachekwa, zvakashandiswa zvakabudirira mukugadzira mahamburger, curry zvinonhuhwirira zvekudya, zvakabikwa nyama inonhuwirira, mazamu ehuku yakakangwa nehuku.
Semuenzaniso, fried huku nuggets inogona kushandiswa ne hydrated wheat texture protein 30%. Kuwedzera kushandiswa kweprotein yegorosi mukugadzira nyama kazhinji kunogona kuderedza mari yekugadzira ne12% kusvika 26%, kunatsiridza goho rezvigadzirwa ne8% kusvika 9%, uye kugadzirisa magadzirirwo echigadzirwa. Gorosi mapuroteni ane mwero, haadi kuvhara iyo isiri-nyama inonaka uye kuwedzera zvinonhuwira, izvo zvinobatsira kudzikisa mutengo wekugadzira werudzi urwu rwezvigadzirwa zvenyama.
Gorosi mapuroteni ane chitarisiko chakafanana nemafibhi enyama, nekudaro anosimudzira hunhu hwese, magadzirirwo uye kuravira kwechigadzirwa. Inogonawo kushandiswa sekuwedzera kune hamburgers, mune pre-yakabikwa uye isina kubikwa patties, inogona kusanganiswa ne hydrated gorosi texture protein kusvika ku40%.

Kushandiswa kwe gluten mune chikafu chakasimbiswa

Parizvino, vanhu vari kugara vachigadzira chikafu chekudya chine hutano kana chikafu chehutano kuwedzera simba kana kuvaka tsandanyama.
Mumakore achangopfuura, indasitiri yekugadzira chikafu ine simba uye mapuroteni anosimbisa chikafu yakasimukira nekukurumidza. Gorosi mapuroteni epurasitiki anogona kushandiswa mukugadzirwa kwakadai kwechikafu, semuenzaniso, network yeplasticized chikafu chinokurumidza kusimbaradza oats. Rudzi urwu rwechikafu chinovaka muviri chine mavhitamini, zvicherwa nemapuroteni anodiwa pahutano.
Gorosi plasticized protein, murudzi urwu rwechikafu chinoshandiswa sekusimudzira hutano, rinogonawo kuburitsa crisp uye soft effect. Nekuti gorosi mapuroteni ane mwero flavour, saka kugadzirwa kwerudzi urwu rwechikafu chekukurumidza kunenge kusada kuwedzera zvinonhuwira, saka hupfumi huri nani.