Amino acid biosynthesis nzira haingoite basa rakakosha muzviitiko zvehupenyu, asi zvakare inosimudzira kuvandudzwa kwekugadzirwa kweamino acid inoshanda uye ine hushamwari nharaunda uye synthetic biology mukuvirisa kwemaindasitiri. Mapuroteni ndiwo hwaro hwehupenyu, uye anoita mabasa akasiyana-siyana mumasero, kubva parutsigiro rwezvimiro kusvika pakukonzeresa kuita kwemakemikari. Mapuroteni ese anoumbwa makumi maviri akasiyana amino acids anogadzirwa mukati memasero kuburikidza neakaoma biosynthesis maitiro. Kuwanikwa kwe20 amino acids kwakatora makore anoda kusvika zana, kutanga nekutanga kuparadzaniswa kweglycine neFrench chemist H. Braconnot muna 1820, uye kupera nekuwanikwa kwethreonine naW. Rose muna 1935. Kuwanikwa kwemaamino acids aya kwakabatanidza masayendisiti akawanda ane basa risina kungoratidza chimiro uye maitiro ekutsvakurudza kweamino acid uye biology. Iyo biosynthesis yeamino acids ndiyo huru yemukati meiyo microbial inoumbwa metabolism. Ichi chinyorwa chinokutora iwe kuburikidza nemagadzirirwo aya amino acids kubva kune akareruka mamorekuru uye kuti akaiswa sei. Iyo biosynthesis yeese amino acids inogadzirwa nemapazi nzira uchishandisa epakati pepakati metabolic nzira seanotangira. Zvinoenderana nerudzi rwekutanga precursor, iyo biosynthesis yeamino acids inogona kukamurwa kuita 5 mapoka: Glutamate mapoka, anosanganisira glutamate (Glu), glutamine (Gln), proline (Pro) uye arginine (Arg). Iko kuumbwa kweaya amino acids kunotanga ne glutamate, mamorekuru akakosha munzira yepakati pemetabolism. Mhuri yeaspartate inosanganisira aspartate (Asp), aspartamide (Asn), lysine (Lys), threonine (Thr), methionine (Met), uye isoleucine (Ile). Iyo amino acid synthesis yemhuri iyi inotanga neaspartic acid, inovawo chigadzirwa chepakati metabolic nzira. Mhuri yeanonhuwirira amino acids, kusanganisira phenylalanine (Phe), tyrosine (Tyr), uye tryptophan (Trp). Kusanganiswa kweamino acids aya kunotanga ne erythrosis-4-phosphate (E4P) uye phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), mamorekuru maviri akakoshawo epakati munzira dzemetabolic. Mhuri ye serine inosanganisira serine (Ser), glycine (Gly), uye cysteine ??(Cys). Iyo amino acid synthesis yemhuri iyi inotanga ne serine, inova nzvimbo yebazi yenzira dzakawanda dzebiosynthetic. Boka realanine rinosanganisira alanine (Ala), valine (Val) uye leucine (Leu). Kunyangwe aya maamino acids ari emhuri dzakasiyana, ane maitiro akafanana panguva yekubatanidza, uye maitiro aya anowanzo gadziriswa nekirasi imwechete yema enzymes.

Isoleucine, valine, uye leucine, kunyange zvazvo dziri dzemhuri dzakasiyana, dzine maitiro akafanana anokonzerwa neenzayimu rimwe chete. Shanduko ye serine kuita cysteine ??ndiyo maitiro makuru ekudzikisa assimilative sulfate. Biosynthesis yeboka reanonhuwirira amino acid yakatangwa ne erythrosis-4-P uye PEP. Iyo biosynthesis ye histidine yakakosha, uye yayo kabhoni furemu inotorwa kubva kuphosphoribose pyrophosphate (PRPP). MaC maviri ari mu ribose yePRPP anoshandiswa kugadzira iyo 5-membered imidazole mhete, uye mamwe anoshandiswa kugadzira iyo 3C side chain. Iyo biosynthesis yeamino acids inoita basa rakakosha mukuvirisa kwemaindasitiri. Haisi chete chinhu chakakosha chekukura kwehutachiona uye metabolic chiitiko, asiwo yakakosha zvinhu zvakabikwa kune zvakawanda zvakaviriswa zvigadzirwa. Kugadzirwa kwemaamino acids ne microbial fermentation kunogona kuita kugadzirwa kwakanaka uye kwakaderera uku kuchideredza kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza, uko kwakakosha pakudya, chikafu, mishonga uye mamwe maindasitiri.

Pamusoro pezvo, iyo biosynthesis yeamino acids yakasimudzira kuvandudzwa kweiyo synthetic biology uye metabolic engineering, zvichiita kuti zvikwanise kugadzira chaiwo amino acids uye maamino acids awo nema microorganisms. Izvi hazvingonatsiridza kushanda zvakanaka kwekugadzira, asi zvakare zvinopa chikuva chekuvandudza zvigadzirwa zvitsva zvebiotechnology uye nekuwedzera kuwedzera huwandu hwekushandisa hwekuvirisa kwemaindasitiri.