I-Flavour Enhancer, ekwaziwa njenge-flavour enhancer, ibhekisa kwizinto ezinokwandisa kakhulu okanye ziphucule incasa yokuqala yokutya. Kwishishini le-flavour kunye ne-fragrance, ukwenzela ukulungelelanisa iimfuno ze-aroma, zihlala zongeza ii-agent ze-flavour ukunyusa ukuqina kwe-flavour, ukunciphisa iindleko, kunye nokwenza ukuba ivumba lilungelelaniswe ngakumbi, licebile, lithambile kwaye linokwenyani. Incasa yokutya idla ngokwahlulwa ibe yincasa eswiti (efana nequnube, iapile, ipesika, njl. njl.) kunye nencasa enetyuwa (efana nencasa eqholiweyo, incasa yenyama), incasa yenyama iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo kushishino lwencasa yokutya, isiphuculi sencasa yenyama sinokwahlulwa ngokwezi ndidi ezi-6 zilandelayo:

I-1) I-flavour flavour monomer (i-Chemical) : i-maltol, i-ethyl maltol, i-furfuryl mercaptan, i-furfuryl mercaptan, i-2-mercapto-3-furan mercaptan, i-bis (2-methyl-3-furan) i-disulfide, i-methyl cyclopentenolone (MCP), njl.;

2) I-Umami agents: i-sodium glutamate (MSG), inosine ye-sodium (IMP), i-sodium guanylate (GMP), i-sodium inosine + i-sodium guanylate (I + G), i-monosodium succinate (MSS), i-disodium succinate (DSS), njl.;

3) Ioyile eziyimfuneko zendalo kunye neencasa zazo ezidityanisiweyo: ezifana neoli yeesame, i-sesame flavour kunye nezinye iziqholo zeoyile ezibalulekileyo, i-resin okanye i-flavour edibeneyo;

I-4) I-Odorants eyenziwa kwi-Maillard reaction: njenge-aldehydes okanye i-ketones kunye ne-cysteine ????eveliswa ekuphenduleni ixabiso elincinci le-hydrogen sulfide;

5) Ezinye iincasa zendalo kunye neziqholo: ezifana nokongeza inani elincinci lengulube kunye nencasa yenkukhu kwi-flavour yenkomo, kunye nokongeza inani elincinci lenkukhu kunye nenyama yenkomo kwi-flavour yengulube.

Isiphuculi sencasa yenyama sinezi mpawu zilandelayo:

1) Isixa sincinci, umphumo wokuphucula iphunga ubalulekile;

2) I-aroma enhancer ngokwayo ayinakuzisa ivumba, kwaye ayiyi kuguqula isakhiwo kunye nokwakhiwa kwezinye izinto zevumba, kodwa inokutshintsha imisebenzi ye-physiological yabantu, oko kukuthi, ukomeleza ukuvuselela kwemithambo-luvo yabantu, ukuphucula nokuphucula uvakalelo lweeseli ezivumbayo, kunye nokomeleza ukuhanjiswa kolwazi lwevumba;

3) Ukunciphisa inani lezinye izinto ezivumbayo okanye ukunciphisa inani lokugqibela le-flavour ngokwandisa kakhulu iphunga, ngaloo ndlela ukunciphisa iindleko;

I-4) Ezinye ii-agent ze-flavour azinayo impembelelo ye-flavoring kuphela, kodwa zinefuthe elihle lokuvumba, elinokwenza i-fragrance ilungelelaniswe, ithambile, ityebile, kunye nexesha elide lokugcinwa kwevumba;

I-5) Abanye abaphuculi be-flavour banesakhiwo esikhethekileyo se-molecular, kwaye banokusabela kunye nezinye izinto kwinkqubo yokucubungula ukuvelisa ezinye izinto ezivumba, ezifana ne-furanone, i-MCP, njl.;

I-6) Isixa se-agent ye-flavoring inefuthe kwiphunga. Ezinye i-flavoring agents aziyi kuchaphazela iphunga elimnandi xa lisetyenziswe ngobuninzi obukhulu, njenge-maltol, i-ethyl maltol, njl., ngelixa ezinye iziqholo ziza kubonisa ivumba elibi xa lisetyenziswe ngokugqithiseleyo, njenge-furfuryl mercaptan, i-MCP, njl.;

7) Ngenxa yempembelelo ye-synergistic phakathi kweziphuculi zevumba, zihlala zisetyenziswa kunye.

Ukuqaliswa kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo zokuphucula incasa yenyama

A, iklasi incasa ezityiwayo monomer

(a) I-Maltol kunye ne-ethyl maltol zombini zi-ejenti zokunambitha ezibanzi, kuhlalutyo lwe-GC/MS lwezinye iincasa zenyama zafumanisa ukuba inxalenye enkulu yencasa yenyama yongeza i-malt okanye i-ethyl maltol, isixa esongezelelweyo se-1% ukuya kwi-20% (apha sibhekisa kumlinganiselo womgangatho weziqholo kwincasa, ngaphandle kwezinyibilikisi). I-Maltol (i-Maltol, i-Veltol), igama lokurhweba le-flavol, i-Palatone, i-Kopalin, igama lekhemikhali i-2-methylpyromeconic acid, inevumba elikhethekileyo elifana neswekile ye-cream etshiswayo, echazwe njenge-caramel ivumba, i-volatile, i-sublimed kwi-93 ℃, Iimveliso zendalo zifumaneka kwi-malt eyosiweyo, iinaliti zepine, i-chicory. I-Ethy Maltol (i-Vetol2plus), i-chemically eyaziwa ngokuba yi-2-ethyl pyromeconic acid, ine-caramel ehlala ixesha elide kunye nephunga elimnandi, elimnandi kakhulu kunye nephunga elimnandi leziqhamo kwisisombululo esincinci. Zomibini zinyibilika emanzini, i-ethanol kunye nepropylene glycol (PG) kufuneka ihlawule ingqalelo kula manqaku e-4 alandelayo xa usebenzisa: 1) Zomibini ziqulethe i-phenol hydroxyl, kwaye ukudibanisa neziqulathi zetsimbi kuya kuba bomvu, ngoko ugweme ukusebenzisa izitya zetsimbi; 2) Ngaphantsi kweemeko ze-acidic, umphumo wokuphucula i-aroma ulungile, kodwa phantsi kweemeko ze-alkaline, umphumo uyancitshiswa ngenxa yokuchithwa kweqela le-phenol hydroxyl; 3) Impembelelo yokuphucula iphunga le-ethyl maltol malunga namaxesha angama-3-8 e-maltol, kwaye i-dosage ingancitshiswa xa usebenzisa yangaphambili; I-4) Ukuba isetyenziswe kunye ne-I + G, i-MSG, i-MCP kunye nezinye ii-agent ze-flavoring, inokuphucula umphumo.

(b) I-MCPMCP, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-3-methyl-1, i-2-cyclopentenedione okanye i-3-methyl-2-hydroxy-2-cyclopentene-1-one, imhlophe okanye i-yellow crystalline powder emhlophe kunye ne-maple kunye nephunga elimnandi, elikwachazwa njengevumba le-caramel. Ubukho bayo babhaqwa kwezinye iincasa zenyama. I-MCP ineempawu zencasa ezifanayo kwi-maltol kunye ne-ethyl maltol, kodwa idosi kufuneka ingabi kakhulu. Phantsi kobushushu obuphezulu beemeko zokufudumeza, i-MCP iya kuvula iringi kwaye isabele nezinye izinto zevumba ukuvelisa incasa eyodwa yenyama.

(3) I-Furfuryl Mercaptan, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-coffee mercaptan, i-2-furanyl methylmercaptan. Kwiindawo eziphezulu, inevumba elibi kakhulu lesulfure, kwaye xa lihlanjululwe, livumba lekhofi kunye nenyama. I-1% yeemveliso ze-furfuryl mercaptan eziveliswe ziinkampani ezithile ezinkulu zinencasa eyomeleleyo yenyama, inyama eyosiweyo (efana nenyama yenkomo), kwaye ayinayo incasa yekofu. Uhlalutyo lwe-GC/MS lwezinye iincasa zenyama lufumanise ubukho be-furfuryl mercaptan kwizixa zokulandela umkhondo, kwaye amaphepha amaninzi nawo aqinisekisa indima ye-furfuryl mercaptan kwaye acebise ukongezwa kwezixa zomkhondo. Ekusetyenzisweni kwangempela, i-furfuryl mercaptan ihlanjululwe kwi-1% yeqhezu lobunzima kwaye yongezwa kwi-flavour yenyama ngexabiso elincinci.

(4) Furaneol; Furanone) igama lekhemikhali 2, 5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3 (2H) -furanone, i-flavour yokutya, i-flavour enhancer, i-synergist. Kwangoko ngeminyaka yoo-1960, yafunyanwa kwiphayinaphu elitsha kunye nesuphu yenyama yenkomo, ngoko ikwabizwa ngokuba yibromelain. IFuranone inephayinaphu yendalo, iqunube elifana nevumba elimnandi, elikwachazwa njengevumba elimnandi elitshisiweyo, elinevumba elicacileyo, isiphumo esimnandi, singenza ukuba ivumba libe ngqukuva kwaye lityebe, kwaye linomsebenzi wokukhusela nokugquma incasa engathandekiyo. Enye inxalenye ye-furanone ilingana ne-5.5 ukuya kwi-6 inxalenye ye-ethyl maltol kunye ne-16 ukuya kwi-20 ye-maltol ekuphuculeni iphunga kunye nokukhusela ivumba elibi. Kuhlalutyo lwe-GC/MS lwezinye iincasa zenyama, ubukho be-furanone bufunyenwe, kwaye umlinganiselo wayo unokuba phezulu njenge-5% yencasa yencasa. Kwelinye icala, i-furanone ikwayi-flavour precursor compound ye-flavour yenyama, enokuthi isebenze kunye ne-cysteine, i-cystine, i-ammonium sulfide kunye nezinye izinto ukuvelisa izinto zencasa yenyama, kwaye ivelise isixa esincinci kakhulu se-hydrogen sulfide. Ngokutsho kophando lukaDing Desheng, ukongeza i-furanone kwi-essence yenkukhu ngokucacileyo kunokunyusa ukugcwala kunye nokulingana kwencasa kunye nokwandisa incasa yebarbecue. Ukongeza i-furanone kwi-essence yenyama yenkomo kunokwandisa incasa kunye nencasa kakhulu, kwaye ukuguda kunye nencasa yencasa yonyuka kakhulu, nto leyo eyenza ukuba inyama incasa ngakumbi, inejusi kwaye inejusi. Imizekelo yokusetyenziswa kwefuranone, (I + G) kunye ne-MSG iboniswe kwiThebhile 1.

(5) Ezinye i-flavour monomers ezinevumba elibalulekileyo lokuphucula kunye neziphumo zokumodareyitha zezi: 2-methyl-3-furan mercaptan, bis (2-methyl-3-furan) disulfide, 2-methyl-3-methyl-mercaptan, 2-methyl-3-tetrahydrofuran mercaptan, njl. izixa.

Ezimbini, umami arhente iklasi

(a) I-MSGMSG yi-MSG, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-L-glutamate sodium, i-sodium glutamate. I-MSG ayinavumba, inomami, iincasa eziswiti nezinetyuwa, kwaye incasa yencasa yi-0.014%. I-MSG isebenza kumphambili wolwimi kunye nemihlathi emibini, kwaye inengqiqo eyomeleleyo yempembelelo ethe ngqo ye-umami kunye nokuqonda kwangaphambili. Umami ufana ne-monotonous, kwaye umphumo we-umami ubonakala kwingqiqo ephakathi, kwaye umami uza ngokukhawuleza kwaye uhamba ngokukhawuleza.

I-MSG inefuthe le-synergistic kunye ne-IMP, i-GMP kunye ne-(I + G). (MSG + IMP) Kwi-0.05 g/ L yoxinaniso lobunzima, xa i-MSG∶IMP = 1∶1, umami ufikelele kobona bukhulu bukhulu; Kumxube we-MSG kunye ne-IMP, iqhekeza elikhulu le-IMP linyuke ukusuka kwi-zero ukuya kwi-50%, kwaye ukuqina kwe-umami kunyuke kwi-convex parabolic shape. Ubuninzi beqhezu le-IMP lenyuke ukusuka kwi-50% ukuya kwi-100%, kwaye ukuqina kwe-umami kuncipha kwi-convex parabolic shape.

I-MSG idla ngokuxutywa kunye (I + G) ukuvelisa i-MSG enamandla, i-99% MSG + 1% (I + G) inokunyuswa ngamaxesha angama-2, i-98% MSG + 2% (I + G) inokunyuswa ngamaxesha angama-3.5; I-96% ye-MSG + 4% (I + G) inokunyuswa ngumlinganiselo we-5. Ekusetyenzisweni kwe-flavour yenyama, i-MSG idla ngokusetyenziswa ngokudibeneyo (I + G), kwaye isicelo esithile siboniswe kwiThebhile 1.

(2) I-IMP, GMP kunye (I + G) IMP kunye ne-GMP zikhona ngobuninzi kwimfuyo kunye neemveliso zeenkukhu ezifana nenyama yenkomo, inyama yehagu kunye nenkukhu, kunye nokutya kwaselwandle okufana nesardadi, i-eels, i-pike emhlophe kunye nentlanzi enevumba elimnandi. I-IMP kunye ne-GMP ine-flavour eqinile ye-umami, kunye ne-umami intensity ye-GMP malunga namaxesha e-3 ngaphezu kwe-IMP, kwaye umxube wezo zimbini zidla ngokusetyenziswa ngokurhweba (okt, I + G, IMP kunye ne-GMP i-akhawunti ye-50% nganye). I-MSG, i-IMP, i-GMP, (I + G) inokwenza incasa yenyama ibe namandla ngakumbi, igqibelele, iphucule kwaye iphucule incasa yenyama, ukuzingisa kunye nengqiqo enamandla.

3 Zombini zineempembelelo ze-synergistic kunye ne-MSG.

3.I-oyile eyimfuneko yendalo okanye i-essence yayo edibeneyo

Eyona oyile isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ioli yesesame. Isesame engagcadwanga inamalungu amavumba ambalwa kakhulu, iqulethe kuphela iintlobo ezingaphezu kwe-10 ze-aldehyde (ezifana ne-valeraldehyde, i-hexal, i-heptanaldehyde, i-furfural, i-5-methylfurfural, njl.), iiphenols ezininzi (iphenol, i-guaiacol, njl.) kunye neentlobo ezingaphezu kwe-10 zezinye izinto ezivumba. Nangona kunjalo, emva kokutshisa i-sesame, i-aromance components kunye nobuninzi bayo banda kakhulu. Kubandakanya iihydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids, furans, phenols, lactones, pyrazines, pyrroles, pyridines, oxazoles, nitriles, thiazoles, thiophenes, mercaptans and sulfides kunye nezinye iindidi eziyi-17 zezinto zeroma. Ioyile yeSesame ethathwe kwisesame eRoast-ed inevumba elimnandi kunye nokuphucula ivumba elimnandi. Ukuba ufuna ukongeza ioli ye-sesame kwi-flavour yamanzi, kuyimfuneko ukuba i-emulsify ioli yeesame kuqala, ngaphandle koko i-phenomenon ye-fat floating iya kwenzeka emva kokongeza, ichaphazela ukubonakala kunye nomgangatho we-flavour. Kwezinye iioli ezixutywe ngokurhweba okanye ioli yesaladi, ioli yeesame isoloko yongezwa ukunyusa i-flavour, ukuphucula ixabiso elongezelelweyo lemveliso. Ukongeza kusetyenziso lweoyile yesesame yendalo, incasa yeoli yeesesame ingasetyenziswa. Xa iphunga le-oyile ye-sesame yendalo ayinamandla ngokwaneleyo okanye umgangatho ungaqinisekanga, unokusombululwa ngendlela enevumba elimnandi.

Okwesine, ukusabela kwe-Maillard ukuvelisa izixhasi zencasa

Olu hlobo lokusabela luchazwe kwizifundo ezininzi, umzekelo: 1) VB1 → bis (2-methyl-3-furanyl) disulfide; 2) α-hydroxyl ketone + (NH4) 2S →H2S, njl.; 3) Aldehyde + (NH4) 2S →H2S, njl.; 4) I-Furanones kunye nee-analogue zabo zesakhiwo + (NH4) 2S →H2S, njl.

Ukuze kuncitshiswe iindleko zencasa yenyama kunye nokuphucula amandla ayo, ukugcwala kunye nokulungelelanisa, kuyimfuneko ukongeza i-flavour enhancer yenyama. Nangona kunjalo, ayizizo zonke i-flavour enhancer ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe kwi-flavour yenyama, ngokubanzi, i-MSG, (I + G), i-furanone, i-maltol kunye ne-ethyl maltol zifanelekile kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-flavour yenyama, i-MSS, i-DSS ye-flavour yezilwanyana zaselwandle, ioli yesesame ifanelekile kwingulube, inyama yenkomo, i-ham, i-roast kunye nezinye iintlobo ze-flavour.