I-Mannose yi-monosaccharide, i-soluble emanzini, i-soluble kancinane kwi-ethanol. I-crystalline powder engenambala okanye emhlophe. Idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi-metabolism yabantu, ngakumbi kwinkqubo ye-glycosylation yeeprotheni ezithile. Kunzima ukuba i-mannose ifunxwe ngumzimba womntu, kwaye iya kukhutshelwa ngumzimba womntu ngokukhawuleza emva kokuyitya, ngokukodwa ngokusebenzisa i-metabolism yezintso, kwaye umjikelo we-metabolic uphelele malunga neeyure ezisibhozo. Ukutyiwa kwemannose akukwenzi ukuba iswekile inyuke, ngoko luhlobo lweswekile olunokutyiwa ngabanye abantu abanesifo seswekile. Ngokwendalo, i-mannose ikhona kwindawo ekhululekile kwezinye iziqhamo, ezifana ne-cranberries, ii-apula, ii-oranges, njl. Emzimbeni womntu, i-mannose isasazwa kuzo zonke izicubu kunye negazi, kubandakanywa ulusu, izitho kunye nemithambo-luvo. Kwezi zicubu, i-mannose ibandakanyeka kwi-synthesis ye-glycoprotein elawula umsebenzi we-autoimmune system. Izifundo zeklinikhi zangaphambili zibonise ukuba i-mannose inokunyanga kwaye ithintele usulelo lwe-urinary tract, ngoko ke ezinye iimveliso zempilo zangaphandle kunye ne-mannose njengenxalenye ephambili zisetyenziselwa ukugcina impilo ye-urinary system. I-Mannitol yi-alcohol yeswekile, edla ngokuncitshiswa kwiswekile (mannose), i-isomers ye-sorbitol, i-soluble emanzini, i-white crystalline powder, inencasa eswiti efana ne-sucrose. I-Mannitol ingasetyenziselwa kuphela njenge-agent egqwesileyo yamathambo, kodwa kunye nomkhuseli weprotheni ye-lyophilized kwezinye imimiselo. Impembelelo yokukhusela ye-mannitol kwiprotheni ihambelana nokugxininiswa kwayo kunye nesakhiwo se-morphological, kwaye ukugxininiswa kwayo ngamanye amaxesha kuhambelana ne-crystal morphology. Ngokuqhelekileyo kukholelwa ukuba i-amorphous mannitol inomsebenzi wokuzinzisa iprotheni ngelixa i-mannitol eyikristale ilahlekelwa ngumsebenzi wayo wokukhusela. I-Mannitol concentrations ye-1% okanye ngaphantsi ithintela ukuhlanganiswa kwamachiza eprotheni ngokuqulunqwa kwezakhiwo ze-amorphous, kodwa ukugxila okuphezulu kwe-mannitol kuthande ukucwebezela kwaye kukhuthaze ukuhlanganiswa kwamachiza eprotheni. Kwiiprotheyini ezininzi, ukugcinwa kwi-4 ° C lixesha elifutshane kuphela (malunga neveki ye-1) emva kokumiswa kwakhona. Ukugcina ixesha elide, kuyacetyiswa ukuba kulungiswe izinyibilikisi (ekufuneka ziqulathe iiproteni ezithwalayo, ezifana ne-0.1% BSA, 5%HSA, okanye i-10% FBS) emva koko i-subpack ikhenkcezwe ku -20℃ okanye -80℃. Kubalulekile ukuphepha ukukhenkceza okuphindaphindiweyo kunye nokunyibilika, njengoko ukukhenkceza kunye nokunyibilika ngalunye kuya kubangela ukungasebenzi kweprotheni. I-Trehalose kunye ne-mannitol zihlala zongezwa nge-8% (ubunzima ngomthamo) njengezikhuseli ezi-lyophilized. I-Trehalose inokuthintela ngokucacileyo utshintsho lwesibini lwesakhiwo seprotheni kunye nokwelula kunye nokuhlanganiswa kweeprotheni ngexesha le-lyophilization. I-Mannitol iphinda isetyenziswe ngokubanzi i-lyophilized ukukhusela kunye nokuzalisa oko kunokunciphisa ukuqokelela kweeprotheni ezithile emva kwe-lyophilization. I-filler inokubonelela ngesakhiwo esifanelekileyo sekhekhe elomileyo, igalelo kwimilo efanelekileyo yebhloko yekhekhe eyomileyo, kwaye yenza isakhiwo se-pore. I-Porosity iyimfuneko yokuthotywa kwamanzi angumkhenkce, kwaye iipores ezinkulu zinokuthoba ngokukhawuleza, ngoko ke ixesha lokuqala lokumisa lingancitshiswa. Ukongezwa kwezihluzi kwenza ukomisa okuphambili okufutshane (ubushushu bemveliso Tp?Tg' okanye Tc) ixesha kwaye ingasetyenziswa njengendlela yokwandisa inkqubo yebiopharmaceutical lyophilization. Ngokuqhelekileyo umlinganiselo we-stabilizer kwi-filler kufuneka ubuncinane ube yi-1: 2 ukubonelela nge-crystallization efunekayo yokugcwalisa. I-lattice ephumelayo ibonelela ngenkxaso yomatshini kumacandelo kwimeko yabo ye-amorphous. Ngaphezulu kwe-Tg', i-amorphous state eyenziwe yinkqubo yokulungiselela ayiqini ngokwaneleyo ukuxhasa ubunzima bayo kwaye iya kuwela kwi-crystal network. Ngombulelo kwinkxaso yomatshini, ukuwa kunokuthintelwa nangona amaqondo okushisa omile aphezulu kune-Tg' (okanye i-Tc). Ekuqulunqweni kunye neeprotheyini ze-protein