I-amino acids, i-peptides, iiprotheni kunye ne-enzymes zonke ii-biomolecules ezidlala indima eyahlukileyo kwimisebenzi yobomi, kodwa zihlobene ngokusondeleyo kwaye zisebenzisana. Ii-amino acids Ii-amino acid ziiyunithi ezisisiseko zeeprotheyini kwaye zikwabaluleke kakhulu iimolekyuli eziphilayo kwiinkqubo eziphilayo. Iqukethe iqela le-amino (NH2), iqela le-carboxyl (COOH), kunye neqela le-R. Ubume bekhonkco le-peptide apho i-amino acids idityaniswe enye kwenye ngamabhondi e-peptide. Kwitsheyina le-peptide, iqela le-carboxyl lenye i-amino acid lidityaniswe kwiqela le-amino lenye i-amino acid ngokusebenzisa ibhondi ye-carbon-oxygen. Iziphelo ezimbini zekhonkco le peptide zibizwa ngokuba yi-n-terminal kunye ne-C-terminal. Xa ubude betsheyini yepeptide budlula i-100 amino acids, ikhonkco le-polypeptide lenziwa. I-Polypeptide ibhekisa kwitsheyini ye-peptide eyenziwe nge-2-100 amino acids, iihomoni, i-enzymes, i-antibiotics, njl., Zii-polypeptides, ezihlala zilula ukwenza kunye nokuguqula kuneeprotheni. Iiprotheyini ngamatyathanga e-peptide aqukethe ngaphezulu kwe-100 amino acids kwaye anobunzima obuphezulu bemolekyuli. Kwiiseli, iiprotheyini zinokusetyenziswa njengamacandelo okwakhiwa. Ukongeza, ii-enzymes, iihomoni, i-photosynthetic pigments, njl., nazo zenziwe ngeeprotheni. Ii-Enzymes zii-catalysts ezikhawulezisa ukusabela kweekhemikhali. Ziimolekyuli ezikhethekileyo ezenziwe ngee-biomolecules ezinjengeeprotheyini okanye i-RNA kwaye zihlala zinento ethile ecacileyo ye-substrate.

Indima yee-amino acids, iipeptides, iiproteni kunye neeenzymes kwizityalo 1. Amino acids: I-amino acids ingasetyenziswa njengomthombo wezondlo kwizityalo ukuphucula ukukhula nophuhliso lwazo. Emva kokuthatha i-amino acids, izityalo zinokukhawuleza ukwenza iiprotheni, i-nucleic acids kunye nezinye i-biomolecules, ezikhuthaza ukuhlukana kweeseli zezityalo kunye nokukhula kwezicubu. Ukongeza, i-amino acids kwimbalela yezityalo, ityuwa, ubushushu obuphantsi kunye nolunye uxinzelelo lunokuphucula ukuxhathisa kwezityalo, ukukhuthaza ukukhula kwezityalo. 2. Iipolypeptides: Iipolypeptides ziyinxalenye ebalulekileyo yokulawula ukukhula kwezityalo. I-Peptides inokuchaphazela ukuhanjiswa kwesignali ye-intracellular kunye nokukhula kunye nophuhliso ngokuzibophelela kwi-membrane receptors. Ngokomzekelo, i-polypeptide auxin kunye ne-polypeptide hormone idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuleni kwezityalo kunye nophuhliso kwaye inokukhuthaza ukukhula kwezityalo kunye nokukhula kweengcambu. Iipeptides zinokudlala indima ebalulekileyo ekukhuseleni amajoni omzimba, njengokukwazi ukukhuthaza ukuveliswa kwezinto ezilwa ne-antioxidant kwizityalo kunye nokuphucula ukuxhathisa kwezityalo kwizifo kunye nezinambuzane.

3. Iprotheyini: Iprotheyini inezicelo ezininzi kwintsimi yokulima kwezolimo. Kwinkqubo yokulima izityalo, iprotein inokusetyenziswa njengenxalenye yesichumisi ukuze isityalo sifunxe kwaye sikhuthaze ukukhula kwezityalo. Ukongeza, ezinye iihomoni zeprotheyini kunye ne-auxin nazo zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ekulawuleni ukukhula nophuhliso lwezityalo. Iiprotheyini zikwasetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-biopesticide kunye nokuzala kokumelana. 4. Ii-Enzymes: Ii-Enzymes nazo zibaluleke kakhulu kwintsimi yokulima kwezolimo. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye ii-enzymes zinokuphucula ukuchuma komhlaba kunye nokusetyenziswa kwamanzi, okuxhamla ukukhula kwezityalo kunye nophuhliso. Kukho ii-enzymes ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ekukhuseleni izityalo kunye nokulawula izinambuzane kunye nezifo zezityalo, ezifana ne-hydrolases ezinciphisa ukuxhathisa kweendonga zeseli yezityalo, okwenza kube nzima ukuba i-microorganisms kunye nezinambuzane ezinobungozi ziphile.