I-Citicoline (i-cytidine 5-diphosphate choline, i-CDP-choline) ibalulekile ekuveliseni i-phospholipids efana ne-phosphatidylcholine. Ezi molekyuli zakha iimbumba zeeseli kunye nokukhusela imithambo-luvo emzimbeni [1]. I-Citicoline yi-molecule eyinkimbinkimbi kune-choline eqhelekileyo, okanye i-alpha-GPC, kodwa yinto efanayo eyenziwa ngokwemvelo kwingqondo. Ukuphepha ukudideka, izazinzulu zagqiba ukubiza ngokuthi "citicoline" xa isetyenziswe njengonyango kunye ne "CDP-choline" xa iveliswa emzimbeni [2]. Emva kokuba idliwe, ikhupha iikhompawundi ezimbini: i-cytidine kunye ne-choline. Emva kokuba bewele umqobo wegazi-ingqondo, ii-neuron ezisengqondweni zizisebenzisa ukwenza i-citicoline kunye nezinye i-phospholipids [3]. I-Choline yongeza i-acetylcholine kunye nezinye ii-neurotransmitters ukugcina inkqubo ye-nervous isebenza kakuhle. Umzimba uguqula i-citicoline kwezinye iikhompawundi ezininzi eziluncedo. Ngoko ke, i-citicoline ingaba neenzuzo ezininzi kunye nemiphumo emibi embalwa kune-choline eqhelekileyo [4,5,3].

Ingaba isebenza kanjani

I-Citicoline yandisa ukuveliswa kwee-neurotransmitters kunye neebhloko zokwakha iiseli. Ukongeza kwi-acetylcholine, yongeza i-norepinephrine kunye ne-dopamine engqondweni [4,6]. Inokuphucula ukuhamba kwegazi kwengqondo kwaye ivuselele i-mitochondria ukuvelisa amandla amaninzi [4,5,2]. Amanqanaba afanelekileyo e-CDP choline akhusela i-phosphatidylcholine kunye ne-sphingomyelin, eyakha i-membrane ye-nerve ekhuselayo ebizwa ngokuba yi-myelin. I-Citicoline iphinda inqanda i-enzyme evuthayo i-phospholipase A2 kwaye iphucula i-antioxidant glutathione ephambili [7,8]. Isishwankathelo, imisebenzi ye-citicoline ngokulinganisa i-neurotransmitters kunye nokukhusela inkqubo ye-nervous kwi-oxidation kunye nomonakalo onxulumene nobudala [9,10,1].

Umthombo wokutya

Umzimba udibanisa i-citicoline ukusuka kwi-cytidine kunye ne-choline. Eyona ndlela yokunyusa amanqanaba e-citicoline ngokutya kukutya imithombo yokutya eyaneleyo ebonelela zombini. Ukutya okutyebileyo kwe-Choline kubandakanya [11,12] : Inyama yenyama (isibindi) amaqanda enkukhu intlanzi I-Cytidine i-nucleoside ye-RNA egxininiswe kakhulu kwinyama (ingakumbi inyama yenyama); Ikwafumaneka nakwi colostrum [13,14]. I-Citicoline supplements (i-Cognizin, i-Somazina) yenye imvelaphi enokubakho ye-choline eyongezelelweyo, ngaphezu koko: i-choline alpha-GPC phosphatidylcholine lecithin

Izibonelelo zempilo ze-citicoline zinokusebenza

1) Ukuphuculwa kwengqondo

Ukwehla kwengqondo okunxulumene nobudala Amandla okuqonda athande ukuhla ngokuya ngeminyaka ngenxa yokuhla kwegazi eliya ebuchotsheni okanye ngenxa yezinye izizathu. Uphononongo lwezilingo zeklinikhi ezili-14 zigqibe kwelokuba i-CDP-choline inokuphucula inkumbulo kunye nokuziphatha kwizigulana ezinobuthathaka obuphakathi ukuya kokuphazamiseka kwengqondo, kubandakanywa nezo zinokusasazwa kakuhle kwengqondo [9]. Ngokusekelwe kwidatha evela ngaphezu kwe-2,800 izigulane ezisebekhulile, emva kokufumana unyango lwe-citicoline, iingxaki zememori zanyamalala kwi-21% yezigulane kunye nememori ephuculweyo kwi-45% yezigulane. Olu phononongo lwalungenazo ulawulo lwe-placebo, ngoko ke kufuneka sithathe iziphumo ngokhozo lwetyuwa [18]. I-Citicoline (i-1000mg kwiinyanga ze-9) yayiluncedo kwizigulane ezisebekhulile ze-350 ezinokukhubazeka kwengqondo encinci kuba yayikwazi [19]: Ukuqinisa i-nerve membranes ukwandisa i-norepinephrine kunye namanqanaba e-dopamine ukukhusela umonakalo we-oxidative Kwizifundo ezintathu zezigulane ze-210 ezine-dementia kunye nokungahambi kakuhle kwengqondo, ukuphuculwa kokuziphatha kwengqondo, i-CDP yokuphucula imemori, i-speed choline, i-CDP yokuphendula. Uphakamileyo umthamo we-citicoline (2000mg), ngcono umphumo [20,21,22]. Abantu abaninzi basebenzisa i-citicoline ukuphucula ukucinga, ukuphucula imemori, kunye nokuthintela ukuncipha kwengqondo. Makhe sibone ukuba isayensi ithini malunga nendima yayo njengephazili ... Kwizilingo ezimbini zekliniki kubantu abadala abanempilo ye-135, i-citicoline (250-500mg) iphucule ingqalelo kunye nokucaca kwengqondo [23,24]. Isiselo esine-caffeine kunye ne-CDP choline (250 mg) iphucule ukusebenza kwengqondo kunye nokunciphisa ixesha lokuphendula kumavolontiya angama-60. I-caffeine yinto eyaziwayo evuselelayo kwaye inokuba negalelo kwiziphumo [25]. Kubantu abadala abangama-24 abasempilweni, iidosi eziphezulu ze-citicoline (500 okanye i-1000mg) ziphucule iimpawu ezahlukeneyo zengqondo-isantya sokucubungula, imemori yokusebenza kunye nentetho, umsebenzi olawulayo - kodwa kuphela kwabo bangakwazi ukuqonda kakuhle [26]. Kuphononongo olufanayo, izongezo azizange zibe nempembelelo kubadlali abaphakathi kwaye zide ziphazamiseke kancinane isakhono sengqondo kubadlali abaphezulu. [26] I-Cannabis ixhaphaza amandla okuqonda. Kuphononongo lwe-19 ye-marijuana engapheliyo, i-citicoline (i-2,000 mg ngosuku kwiiveki ze-8) yanciphisa iimpendulo ezichukumisayo kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza kwengqondo. Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba bafuna ukuyeka ukutshaya, kwaye abaphandi bacetyisa ukuba imiphumo ye-citicoline inokunceda ukubaqhubela kuloo ndlela [27,28]. Ngokutsho kophando lokuqala, i-citicoline inokuphucula ingqalelo kunye nokucaca kwengqondo, ngakumbi kubantu abanakho ukungakwazi ukuqonda.

2) Ukuvuselelwa kwe-stroke

Ukunciphisa unikezelo lwegazi kwindawo ethile yobuchopho kunokubulala i-neurons kwaye kubangele umonakalo omkhulu wobuchopho. I-Citicoline inokunceda ngokuqinisa i-nerve membranes kunye nokuthintela ukuveliswa kwe-radical yamahhala [29,30]. Ngokutsho kwe-meta-uhlalutyo lwezilingo ezine zekliniki (ngaphezu kwezigulane ze-1,300), ukuthatha i-2000mg ye-citicoline kwiiyure ezingama-24 emva kokuhlaselwa kwe-stroke kwandisa amathuba okuchacha ngokupheleleyo ngama-38% [10]. Idatha evela ngaphezu kwe-4,000 yabasindileyo be-stroke ibonisa ukuba i-citicoline iphucula iziphumo kunye nokubuyiswa kwe-AIDS; Amanani aphezulu (2000-4000mg) asebenza ngakumbi. Kwakungekho ulawulo lwe-placebo kolu phononongo, ngoko akukho zigqibo ziqinisekileyo zinokuthathwa [31]. Izifundo ezimbini ezingaphezulu kwezigulane ze-3,000 azifumananga nzuzo ebalulekileyo ye-CDP-choline ye-stroke ebukhali [32,33]. Amachiza abulala amahlwili ahlala elukhetho lokuqala kwi-acute stroke. Uphononongo olubini oludibeneyo lugqibe ukuba i-citicoline inokubonelela ngeenzuzo ezongezelelweyo okanye incede izigulane ezingakwazi ukufumana unyango olukhethiweyo [34,35]. Ukulawulwa kwexesha le-citicoline kunokuphucula ukubuyiswa kwe-stroke, kodwa uphando lulinganiselwe. Amachiza abulala amahlwili ahlala elukhetho lokuqala kwi-acute stroke.

3) Iingxaki zombono

Njengokukhusela imithambo-luvo ebuchotsheni kunye nentambo yomgogodla, i-citicoline inokuba nefuthe elifanayo kwi-optic nerve. Inokubuyisela umva umonakalo kwi-retinal neurons kwaye incede ukunyanga izifo zamehlo ezifana ne- [1] : I-Optic neuropathy I-Glaucoma Amblyopia Glaucoma Ukwanda koxinzelelo lwamehlo kunye nezinye izinto zingonakalisa i-nerve ye-optic kwaye zikhokelela kwi-glaucoma, ngamanye amaxesha ekhokelela kubumfama obupheleleyo [36]. Kwizilingo ezimbini zeklinikhi kwizigulane ze-glaucoma ze-80, i-citicoline yomlomo yexesha elide yalungisa umonakalo we-nerve, umbono ophuculweyo, kunye nokunciphisa ukuqhubela phambili kwesifo [37,38]. I-Citicoline eyehlayo ibonise iziphumo ezifanayo kwezinye izilingo ezimbini zeklinikhi (izigulane ze-68) [39,40]. I-Amblyopia, okanye "iliso elivilaphayo," lenzeka xa amehlo nengqondo zinganxibelelani kakuhle. Inokubangela ukuba lingaboni kakuhle kwelinye iliso. [41] Kwiimvavanyo ezintathu zekliniki zabantwana be-190, i-citicoline yomlomo iphucule unyango oluqhelekileyo lwe-amblyopia (i-eye patch) [42,43,44]. I-injection ye-CDP ye-choline (i-1000mg imihla ngemihla) iphilise i-nerve ye-optic kunye nombono ophuculweyo kubantu abadala be-10 abane-amblyopia. Uphononongo lwalunobungakanani besampulu encinci kwaye lwalungenazo ulawulo lwe-placebo, ngoko ke iziphumo ziyathandabuza [45]. I-Optic neuropathy I-Optic neuropathy lolunye uhlobo lokwenzakala kwemithambo-luvo enokuphazamisana nokubona. Kwizigulane ze-26 ezine-optic neuropathy, i-citicoline (i-1600mg / imini kwiinyanga ze-2) iphuculwe umbono ngokulungisa umonakalo we-nerve [46]. Ubungqina obaneleyo Akukho ubungqina bekliniki obufanelekileyo bokuxhasa ukusetyenziswa kwe-citicoline kunyango lwazo naziphi na iziphazamiso kweli candelo. Oku kulandelayo sisishwankathelo sezifundo zezilwanyana zamva nje, izifundo ezisekelwe kwiiseli, okanye iimvavanyo zekliniki ezikumgangatho ophantsi ekufuneka ziqalise uphando olongezelelweyo. Nangona kunjalo, awufanelanga ukutolika njengenkxaso yezempilo.

4) Ukulimala kwengqondo

Uxinzelelo lwe-oxidative, ukuphendula kwe-autoimmune, kunye netyhefu yendalo esingqongileyo kunokubangela umonakalo omkhulu weseli yengqondo. I-Citicoline ikhusela ingqondo kunye nentambo yomgogodla kolu xinzelelo ngokukhusela i-myelin sheath yeeseli kunye nokuphucula i-neurotransmitters ebalulekileyo. Isifo se-Alzheimer Kwiimvavanyo ezintathu zeklinikhi, i-Citicoline (i-1000mg imihla ngemihla kwiinyanga ze-1-3) iphucule iimpawu zesifo se-Alzheimer [47,48,49]: Ukuphuculwa kokusebenza kwengqondo kukhuthaze ukuhamba kwegazi kwingqondo kuncitshiswe amanqanaba ama-molecule avuthayo (i-histamine kunye ne-IL1B) Nangona kunjalo, ukungabikho kokulawulwa kwe-placebo kwiziphumo zombini kwizifundo ezinokuthi zenze uphando. Kuphononongo lwesithathu, izigulane ezine-genetic predisposition kwi-Alzheimer's disease (abathwali be-APOE-e4) bafumana uncedo olukhulu ngakumbi. Oku kukufumanisa okubalulekileyo kuba abathwali be-APOE-e4 baphendula ngokuhlukileyo (kwaye bahlala bebi kakhulu) kungenelelo olwahlukeneyo [48,50]. I-Citicoline iphucule umphumo wonyango lweziyobisi kwi-Alzheimer's disease kwaye yanciphisa ukuqhubela phambili kwezilingo ezimbini zokujonga (ngaphezulu kwezigulane ze-600) [51,52]. Kwiigundane ezinesifo se-Alzheimer, i-citicoline ikhusela imithambo-luvo kwiinguqu zeprotheyini kwaye inciphisa ukuhamba kwegazi. Ngenxa yoko, iigundane zazinokuphazamiseka okumbalwa kwengqondo kunye nokuphucula imemori [53]. I-Citicoline inokunceda ukunyanga isifo se-Alzheimer kunye nokuphucula ukunakekelwa okusemgangathweni, kodwa ubungqina obukhoyo bekliniki bubuthathaka. Isifo sikaParkinson Ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-dopamine neurons kwisifo sikaParkinson kubangela ukuqina kwemisipha, ukungcangcazela, kunye nezinye iimpawu. Kwiimpuku ezinesifo sikaParkinson, i-citicoline ikhulula ukuqina kwemisipha ngokwandisa amanqanaba e-dopamine engqondweni. Kwakhona kwandisa umphumo wonyango oluqhelekileyo [54,55]. I-Multiple sclerosis Ukutshatyalaliswa kokuvuvukala kwe-myelin sheath ye-nerve sheet yangaphandle kunokubangela i-multiple sclerosis, ehamba kunye nokukhubazeka okukhulu ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo. Kwizilwanyana ezine-multiple sclerosis, izazinzulu ziye zabona amandla e-citicoline ukuphucula ukubuyiswa kwe-myelin kunye nokulungelelaniswa kwemoto [56,57].

5) Ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kunye nokulutha kweziyobisi

Ukudakumba Kuphononongo lwezigulane ezingama-50, ukongeza i-citicoline kwi-antidepressant (citalopram) kuphuculwe iimpawu zokudakumba kunye nokubuyisela [58]. Kwiigundane, i-CDP-choline yonyusa i-norepinephrine, i-dopamine, kunye namanqanaba e-serotonin kwimemori yengqondo, imo, kunye namaziko okunyakaza [59,60]. Iziyobisi ze-Methamphetamine kunye ne-cocaine I-Citicoline yanciphisa iimpawu zokudakumba kwi-60 ye-methamphetamine (i-meth), kodwa ayizange ibe nefuthe ekusebenziseni iziyobisi (i-2000 mg / ngosuku kwiinyanga ze-3). Kolunye uphononongo lwe-31 yeziyobisi ze-methamphetamine, i-citicoline ikhusele ingqondo kunye nokunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi [61,62]. Ngaphezulu kwe-130 yabantu abasebenzisa i-cocaine abane-bipolar disorder, i-citicoline (500-2,000 mg kwiinyanga ezi-3) yanciphisa ukusetyenziswa kweziyobisi kodwa ayizange ichaphazele isimo sengqondo. Nangona kunjalo, kulingo lwabasebenzisi be-cocaine enzima be-20, ayizange ivelise umphumo [63,64,65]. Uphononongo lwezilingo ezisithoba lugqibe kwelokuba i-citicoline inokuba nenzuzo encinci kumlutha weziyobisi, ngakumbi i-cocaine, kodwa iqaqambise imfuneko yobungqina obunamandla bekliniki [66]. I-Citicoline iphucule umphumo wonyango oluqhelekileyo kwizigulane ze-66 ezine-schizophrenia. Iphucula iimpawu ezibizwa ngokuba "zimbi" ezifana nobuthuntu ngokweemvakalelo, unxibelelwano olulambathayo, kunye nokuqina. Oku kunzima kakhulu ukunyanga ngamachiza aqhelekileyo [67]. Kubantu abadala be-24 abanempilo, i-CDP-choline iphucula ukuqonda ngokuvuselela i-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, ehlala ingasebenzi kwi-schizophrenia [26]. Izifundo zokuqala zithembisa, kodwa akukho bungqina obaneleyo bokuxhasa ukusetyenziswa kwe-citicoline ukunyanga ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo kunye nokulutha kweziyobisi.