????????????????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????
???? ?????????, ???? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????, ?????? ?? ???????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ?? ????????? ???? ??? ?????????. ??? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??????????, ??? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????, ???? ????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??? ??? ????, ???????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ????????????????, ?????, ????? ??? ??????????. ????????? ???? ??? ???????????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? (????? ??? ???????????, ????, ??????, ???"? ?) ??? ???????? ???? (????? ??? ????????? ????, ????? ????), ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ??? ?? ????????? ???? ??????????, ????? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ???????? 6 ????????????:
1) ??? ???? ????????? (?????): ????????, ????? ????????, ???????? ????????????, ???????? ????????????, 2-???????????-3-?????? ????????????, ??? (2-??????-3-??????) ?????????, ?????? ???????????????????? (????), ???"? ?;
2) ?????? ??????: ??????? ?????????? (???), ??????? ???????? (????), ??????? ??????????? (????), ??????? ???????? + ??????? ??????????? (??? + ?), ????????????? ????????? (???), ????????? ????????? (???), ???"? ?;
3) ????????? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????????: ????? ??? ??????? ???, ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????, ?????? ????? ??????? ?????????;
4) ?????????? ????????????? ??? ?? ????????? ????????: ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????????? ????????;
5) ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ?????: ????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ????, ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ????.
????? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ???????? ???????????????:
1) ?? ???? ??? ?????, ?? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ??????????;
2) ???????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? ????????? ????????, ??? ???? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????????, ????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ????????????????? ???????????, ???? ???, ????????? ?? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ???????, ??????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ??????????? ??? ?????????? ??????????????;
3) ???????? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ???????????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????????, ????? ???????? ?? ???????;
4) ?????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????????, ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????, ????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????????????????, ?????, ????? ??? ????? ????????? ???? ??? ?????;
5) ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????, ????? ??? ??????????, ????, ???"? ?;
6) ?? ???? ??? ??????????????? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ????????. ?????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????????????, ????? ??? ??????????, ????? ????????, ???"? ?, ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????????, ????? ??? ???????? ????????????, ????, ???"? ?;
7) ?????? ??? ?? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ??????????, ??? ????? ???? ?????? ????????.
?? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ??????????
?, ??? ???? ????????? ?????
(??) ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ??????????? ??????, ??? ?? GC / MS ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ????????, ?? ????????? ???? ??? ??1% ?? 20% (??? ?????? ?? ?? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????, ?????????? ??????????). Maltol (Maltol, Veltol), ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????, Palatone, Kopalin, ????? ?????? 2-methylpyromeconic acid, ??? ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?????, ???? ????????? ??? ????????? ????????, ???????????, ???????? ??? 93 ℃, ????????? ?????????? ????? ???????? ??? ????-????????? ?????, ?????? ???????, ????????. Ethy Maltol (Vetol2plus), ????? ?????? ??? 2-????? ?????????????? ?????, ??? ?? ?????-???????? ????????? ??? ????? ????????, ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???????. ????? ????? ??????????? ??? ???????, ???????? ??? ???????????? ???????? (???) ???? ???????? ?????????????? ?? ?? ???????? 4 ?????? ???? ????: 1) ????? ?????????? ?????? ??????????, ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???? ????, ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????????; 2) ?????? ??????? ??????, ?? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ???, ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????, ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ??????????????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????; 3) ?? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ????? 3-8 ??? ??? ??? ????????, ??? ?? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?????; 4) ???? ???????? ??? I + G, MSG, MCP ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????, ?? ????? ?????????? ?? ????????.
(?) MCPMCP, ???? ?????? ??? 3-??????-1, 2-??????????????????? ????? 3-??????-2-??????????-2-??????????????-1-????, ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??? ????????? ????????, ????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ????????? ????????. ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????. MCP ??? ????? ??????????? ????????????? ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ????????, ????? ?? ?????????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???. ?????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ??????, MCP ???? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ?? ?????? ????? ????.
(3) ???????? ????????????, ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????????, 2-???????? ??????????????????. ??? ???? ?????????????????, ?? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????, ??? ???? ?????????, ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????. ?? 1% ???????? ???????????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????????? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????, ?????? ????? (???? ??? ????????), ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????. ?? GC / MS ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?? ????????? ??? ???????? ???????????? ??? ????? ????????, ??? ???? ????????? ???? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ?????????? ???????????? ??? ???????????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ????????. ??? ??????? ????, ?? ???????? ???????????? ??? ????????? ??? 1% ????? ????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ????.
(4) ??????????; ??????????) ??????? ?????? 2, 5-????????-4-??????????-3 (2?) -??????????, ??? ?? ????????? ????, ???? ?????????, ?????????. ??? ??? ??? ?? 1960 ?, ?? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ????????? ??? ???????? ????, ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???????????. ?????????? ??? ?? ????????? ?????????, ??????????? ??? ????????, ???? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ????????, ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????????, ??????????? ????????, ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ??? ???????, ??? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???????. ???? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ????????????? ?? 5.5 ?? 6 ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? 16 ?? 20 ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ??????? ???????. ??? ?? GC / MS ?????????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????, ?? ????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?????? ?????????, ??? ????? ????????????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? 5% ??? ?? ???? ?????????????. ???? ?? ?????? ?????, ?????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????, ????? ????? ???????? ??? ???????, ???????, ??????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ???? ????????????, ??? ??????????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??????????? ???????. ???? ???? ?????? ? ????????, ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ????????? ????. ?????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???? ??? ???? ????????, ??? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????? ????????, ????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ???????, ??????? ??? ???????. ???????? ??? ??????????????? ??? ??????????, (??? + ?) ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? 1.
(5) ?????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????????????? ???????? ?????: 2-??????-3-?????? ????????????, ??? (2-??????-3-??????) ?????????, 2-??????-3-??????-????????????, 2-??????-3-?????????????????? ????????????, ???"? ?. ????????.
?????, Umami ?????? ?????
(??) ?????? ??? ???, ???? ?????? ??? ?-?????????? ???????, ??????? ??????????. MSG ??? ???????? ??????????, ??? ??????, ??? ??? ???????? ?????????, ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? 0.014%. MSG ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????, ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ????????????????. Umami ??? ???????? ?????????????, ??? ?? ???????? ??? Umami ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?????, ??? ?? Umami ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????????.
MSG ??? ????????????? ???????? ??? IMP, GMP ??? (I + G). (MSG + IMP) ??? 0.05 ? / ? ????? ????????????????, ???? MSG∶IMP = 1∶1, ?????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????????; ??? ?? ????? ??? MSG ??? IMP, ?? ????? ????????? ??? IMP ???????? ??? ??? ?? 50%, ??? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ????????? ???????????? ??????. ?? ????? ????????? ??? IMP ???????? ??? 50% ?? 100%, ??? ?? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????????? ???????????? ??????.
??? ??? ???? ?????? ??? (??? + ?) ?? ??????????? ?????? ???, 99% ??? + 1% (??? + ?) ????? ???? ???????? ??? 2 ???, 98% ??? + 2% (??? + ?) ????? ???? ???????? ??? 3.5 ???; 96% MSG+ 4% (I + G) ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ??? 5. ??? ?? ?????????????? ??? ????? ????, MSG ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???????????? ??? (I + G), ??? ?? ????????? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? 1.
(2) IMP, GMP ??? (I + G) IMP ??? GMP ????????? ??? ????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ????????, ?????? ??? ?????, ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ????????, ???, ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ???????? ???. IMP ??? GMP ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????, ??? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? GMP ??? ????? 3 ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? IMP, ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ???????? (?"? I + G, IMP ??? GMP ???????? ????? 50% ?????). MSG, IMP, GMP, (??? + ?) ????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???, ??????????, ?????????? ??? ??????????? ?? ????? ????, ???????????? ??? ?????? ?????.
(3) MSS ??? DSSMSS, DSS ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ???????, ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????????, ?????? (????? ??? ????? ?????, ???????, ??????, ??????????, ??????????, ??????, ???"? ?) ?? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ??????, ????? ???? ???????? ??? ?????????? ???? ?????????. ????? ????? ????????????? ???????? ??? MSG.
3.????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????
?? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???. ??????????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????????????, ????? ??? ??? ??? 10 ????? ??? ????????? (????? ??? ????????????????, ???????, ?????????????????, ?????????, 5-???????????????, ???"? ?), ?????? ??????? (??????, ???????????, ???"? ?) ??? ??? ??? 10 ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????????. ?????, ???? ????????? ???????, ????? ???????? ?????????????? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ????????. ?????????????? ?????????????????, ???????????, ??????????, ????????, ???????, ???????, ???????, ??????????, ??????????, ??????????, ??????????, ????????????, ????????, ???????????, ?????????, ????????????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? 17 ???????????? ??? 208 ???????? ????????????. ?? ??????? ??? ??????????? ??? ??????-?? ??????? ??? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ????????????. ???? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ????, ?? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????, ??????? ?? ?????????? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????, ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??? ?? ????. ??? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???, ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ????, ??????????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????. ??? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ????????? ??????? ???, ??????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????????. ???? ??? ???????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??? ???????????, ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ????.
????, Maillard ??????? ?? ??????????? ???? ??????????
??? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ??? ???? ???????, ????? ?????????: 1) ???1 → ??? (2-??????-3-????????) ?????????; 2) ??-??????????? ??????? + (??4) 2? →?2?, ???; 3) ????????? + (??4) 2? →?2?, ???; 4) ??????????? ??? ????? ????????????? ???????????? + (NH4) 2S →H2S, ???.
??? ??? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????????, ??????? ??? ?????????????????, ?? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????????. ?????, ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ????, ??? ?????????, MSG, (I + G), Furanone, Maltol ??? Ethyl Maltol ????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????????????? ??? ????? ????, MSS, DSS ????? ?????????? ????, ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ??????, ????????, ?????, ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ????.