Njengoba ukukhula kwenani labantu emhlabeni wonke, izifo ezingelapheki ezihlobene nobudala ezifana nesifo sikashukela, umfutho wegazi ophakeme kanye nokukhuluphala ziyanda, futhi lezi zifo ezithinta umzimba we-metabolic zibeka umthwalo osindayo kubantu asebekhulile futhi zandisa ingozi yesifo senhliziyo. Inhliziyo nayo ishintsha kabi ngokuya ngeminyaka, okuholela ezinhlobonhlobo zezifo zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi.

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Isifo senhliziyo (i-CVD) siwusongo olukhulu empilweni yomuntu kanye nempilo yezifo ezivamile, ezivame kakhulu kubantu abangaphezu kweminyaka engama-50 ubudala, abanezigameko eziphezulu, izinga eliphezulu lokukhubazeka kanye nezici eziphezulu zokufa. I-CVD ihlotshaniswa ne-myocardial fibrosis, ukwehla kwe-autophagy, ukwanda kwengcindezi ye-mitochondrial oxidative nokungalingani kwe-metabolic. Ngakho-ke, ukwelashwa kwembangela yokuqala ye-CVD kuseyinkinga ephuthumayo kusayensi yesimanje nokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha.

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Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, izifundo eziningi ziye zagqamisa ukusetshenziswa kwemikhiqizo yemvelo yokuvimbela nokwelashwa kwe-CVD. Imikhiqizo yemvelo iyikilasi elikhulu lezinhlangano zamakhemikhali ezinohlu olubanzi lwemisebenzi yebhayoloji, etholwe ngokuyinhloko ezitshalweni ezidliwayo nezokwelapha. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi izindlela zokwenza ukwelashwa komkhiqizo wemvelo ku-CVD zifaka: ukuvuselela i-autophagy, ukubambezela ukulungiswa kwe-ventricular, ukunciphisa ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative nokusabela kokuvuvukala, ukuvimbela i-apoptosis, nokuvikela imisipha yenhliziyo ngokumelene ne-ischemia noma i-ischemia / reperfusion (I / R) ukulimala.

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Imikhiqizo yemvelo kanye nezindlela zabo zokwenza

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I-autophagy ethuthukisiwe

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Ama-cardiomyocyte aguga athembele ku-autophagy, indlela yokuwohloka kwe-lysosomal mediated, ukususa ama-protein angaba yingozi nama-organelles awonakele. Ukulahlekelwa kwe-autophagy kungaholela ekwehleni kokusebenza kwenhliziyo. Ithagethi ye-Mammalian ye-rapamycin (mTOR), i-serine/threonine protein kinase, ingumlawuli obalulekile we-nutrition homeostasis ezilwaneni ezincelisayo. Ukwenza kusebenze i-mTOR kuvimbela i-autophagy, kuyilapho i-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) isebenza njengesilawuli esihle se-autophagy, ngokuyinhloko ngokuvimbela inkimbinkimbi ye-mTOR.

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I-Resveratrol iyi-polyphenol yemvelo etholakala ekudleni okuningi kwezitshalo, njengamantongomane, ama-cranberries, ama-blueberries, namagilebhisi. Inezinhlobonhlobo zezinzuzo zezempilo ezingaba khona, okuhlanganisa ukulwa nokuvuvukala, i-antioxidant, anti-aging kanye nemiphumela ye-cardio-protective efana ne-autophagy ethuthukisiwe. Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi i-resveratrol ingakhuthaza i-autophagy ngokwenza i-AMPK isebenze ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-resveratrol ingakwazi ukuheha ukusinda kweseli ngokwenza kusebenze indlela yokusinda ye-mTOR complex 2(mTORC2).

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I-Berberine ikhishwa ezimpandeni, i-rhizome kanye namagxolo ezitshalo eziningi zokwelapha futhi inemiphumela ehlukahlukene yemithi, kuhlanganise ne-anti-inflammatory, antioxidant kanye ne-autophagy regulation. Njengesicupha se-AMPK, i-berberine ingenza i-autophagy ngokuvula i-AMPK futhi ingathuthukisa ukutholakala kwe-autophagy ngokuvimbela i-mTOR.

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I-Curcumin iyisinongo esivela emndenini we-ginger futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa kuma-curries. I-Curcumin ingenza i-autophagy ngokuvimbela indlela yokusayina ye-PI3K-AKT-mTOR, ilawule amazinga we-phosphorylation we-AKT kanye ne-mTOR, ilawula phezulu i-LC3-II, ithuthukise ukubonakaliswa kwe-BECN1, inciphise ukusebenzisana phakathi kwe-BECN1 ne-BCL-2, futhi ithuthukise i-FoxO ithuthukisa.

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Ivimbela ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative nokuvuvukala okungapheli

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Ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative nokuvuvukala okungapheli yizinguquko eziyinhloko zamangqamuzana ezenzeka ku-pathophysiology ye-CVD. Ukuvuvukala kuhlala kusebenza kubantu asebekhulile futhi kuyisici esiyingozi se-CVD. Ukulawulwa kokuqala kokuvuvukala kungavimbela noma kubambezele ukwenzeka nokuqhubeka kwe-CVD.

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I-Sesamin iyi-lignin encibilika kawoyela eningi kakhulu ezimbewu zikasesame nasemafutheni futhi inemisebenzi eyahlukene yezokwelapha, okuhlanganisa imisebenzi ye-antioxidant ne-anti-inflammatory. I-Sesamine ingakwazi ukulawula ukubonakaliswa kwe-PPARγ, LXRα ne-ABCG1, ivuselele ukuphuma kwe-cholesterol kuma-macrophages, futhi ivimbele ngempumelelo ukuqoqwa kwe-cholesterol okubangelwa i-LDL ene-oxidized, ngaleyo ndlela ivimbele ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana egwebu kuma-macrophage.

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I-Lycopene iyi-acyclic carotenoid eyenzeka ngokwemvelo etholakala kuma-chloroplast nama-chromosome ezitshalo, kanye ne-cytoplasm yama-eukaryote athile afana ne-eubacteria nolwelwe. Ubufakazi be-Epidemiological bubonisa ukuthi ukuhlushwa kwe-serum lycopene kuhlotshaniswa ngokuphambene nengozi ye-CVD. I-Lycopene inciphisa izinhlobo ze-oxygen esebenzayo (ROS), inciphisa ukukhishwa kwe-macrophage yama-cytokines ane-pro-inflammatory kanye ne-metalloproteinase, ivimbela ukwanda kwamaseli emisipha ebushelelezi, futhi inciphisa ama-monocyte. I-Lycopene ingavimbela izimpendulo ezivuthayo ngokuvimbela ukusebenza kwe-NF-κB, futhi ingase ithinte i-heterobiotic metabolism ngokuvula indlela ye-Nrf2/ARE yokubhala.

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I-Ginger isitshalo se-monocotyledonous sohlobo lwe-Zingiberaceae. I-Ginger inezici ezikhethekile ezisula i-ROS, kuhlanganise nama-peroxides. Zonke izithako ezisebenzayo ku-ginger, njenge-curcumin, i-gingerol, ne-gingerone, zibonise umsebenzi we-antioxidant. [6]- I-Gingerol ingase ikhulise umsebenzi we-superoxide dismutase (SOD) ngokwenza kusebenze indlela yokusayina ye-PI3K/AKT futhi inciphise ukukhiqizwa kwe-ROS nokwakheka kwe-malondialdehyde kumagundane asanda kuzalwa e-cardiomyocyte. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukukhishwa kwe-ginger okucebile ku-6-curcumin Kungase kube nemiphumela ye-antioxidant ngokufaka i-Nrf2. Ngokuphawulekayo, imiphumela ye-vascular protective ye-ginger iqondiswa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nokunciphisa ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative nokuvuvukala, ukwandisa ukuhlanganiswa kwe-nitric oxide (NO), ukuvimbela ukwanda kwe-vascular smooth muscle cell, nokukhuthaza ukutholakala kwe-autophagy.

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Ukuvimbela ukuguqulwa kwe-myocardial

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Izinguquko zesakhiwo ezenzeka ngesikhathi sokuguga kwenhliziyo, okuhlanganisa ukulungiswa kabusha kwe-myocardial ye-pathological okuqhubekayo, yizibikezelo ezaziwayo ze-CVD. Inqubo yokuvuselela i-myocardial ibonakala ngezinguquko zomzimba kanye namangqamuzana aholela ku-cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, fibrosis, nokuvuvukala kwe-myocardium, ekugcineni okuholela ekwandeni kokuqina kwe-ventricular, ukukhubazeka kwenhliziyo, futhi ekugcineni ukuhluleka kwenhliziyo. I-Angiotensin II ikhuthaza i-cardiomyocyte hypertrophy futhi ikhuthaze ukwanda kwe-fibroblast kanye nokubonakaliswa kwamaprotheni e-matrix e-extracellular. I-AMPK idlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukisweni kwe-CVD, futhi ukushoda kwe-AMPK kukhulisa i-hypertrophy yenhliziyo futhi kwenza inhliziyo ibe lula ekuhlulekeni kwenhliziyo.

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I-Cytokine transforming growth factor β1(TGF-β1) idlala indima ebalulekile ekudaleni ama-fibroblasts enhliziyo ukuba ahlukaniseke abe ama-fibroblasts enhliziyo. I-FoxO1 iyisici sokuloba esibandakanyeka ku-apoptosis, ingcindezi ye-oxidative kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwamaseli. I-TGF-β1 ivuselela inkulumo ye-FoxO1, futhi kuma-fibroblasts enhliziyo, i-TGF-β1 yehlisa i-FoxO1 phosphorylation, ikhuphule indawo ye-FoxO1 yenuzi, ikhuphule amazinga e-FoxO1 amaprotheni, futhi ikhuthaze ukuhlukaniswa kwe-fibroblasts yenhliziyo ibe yi-fibroblasts yenhliziyo.

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I-Baicalin iyinhlanganisela yemvelo ekhishwe ezimpandeni ezomisiwe ze-scutellaria baicalensis. I-Baicalin ivimbela i-cardiac fibrosis ye-pressure overload-induced by modulating i-AMPK/TGF-β/Smads izindlela zokusayina. Imiphumela emihle ye-baicalin ihlanganisa ukulawulwa kwe-cardiac fibrosis in vivo kanye ne-in vitro ngokuvula indlela yokusayina ye-AMPK/TGF-β/Smads. I-Baicalin iphinde ivimbele i-Smad3 kanye nokudluliselwa kwe-nuclear kwe-Smad3 nge-transcription co-activator p300, ngaleyo ndlela ivimbele ukukhula kwe-angiotensin II-mediated cardiac fibrosis.

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I-Epicatechin iyi-polyphenol eyinhloko ye-bioactive etiyeni eliluhlaza futhi iyi-antioxidant enamandla. I-Epicatechin yehlisa i-angiotensin II kanye ne-stress overload-mediated hypertrophy yenhliziyo. I-Epicatechin ivimbela ukuvezwa kwe-angiotensin II-induced c-Fos namaprotheni e-c-Jun, ngaleyo ndlela ivimbele umsebenzi we-AP-1. Ukwengeza, i-epicatechin ingavimbela umsebenzi we-NF-κB ngokuvimbela i-ROS-encike ku-p38 kanye ne-JNK izindlela zokusayina, futhi ukuvinjelwa kokusebenza kwe-AP-1 kuwumphumela we-epicatechin evimbela ukuqhubeka kwe-hypertrophy yenhliziyo ngokuvimbela ukuguqulwa kwe-EGFR kanye nezenzakalo zayo ezingezansi ERK/PI00MTOR/ApK/PI3mTOR/ApK I-atrial natriuretic peptide kanye nohlobo lwe-B-sodium Ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwama-peptide omchamo kanye nokuvinjwa kokuqhubeka kwenhliziyo ye-hypertrophy. I-Epicatechin iphinde ivimbele ukukhiqizwa kwe-ROS eyenziwe nge-angiotensin II kanye nenkulumo ye-NADPH oxidase, ngaleyo ndlela ivimbele i-hypertrophy yenhliziyo kanye nokulungiswa kabusha kwenhliziyo.

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Lokhu kubuyekezwa kuchaza amandla emikhiqizo yemvelo yokuvimbela nokwelashwa kwesifo senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi. Njengoba inani labantu emhlabeni likhula, izifo zenhliziyo ezihlobene nokuguga ziba yinkinga enkulu yezempilo yomphakathi. Imikhiqizo yemvelo isetshenziswa kabanzi ekuvimbeleni nasekwelapheni izifo ezahlukahlukene ngenxa yokusebenza kwayo okubalulekile nokuphepha okuphezulu.

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Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene yemvelo efana ne-resveratrol, i-berberine, i-curcumin, i-lycopene, i-ginger, i-baicalein, i-epicatechin, i-ellagic acid, i-honokiol, i-poria, i-tanshinone IIA kanye ne-marigonin E inezindlela eziningi zokwenza ekwandiseni i-autophagy, inhibiting oxidative remodeliing inhibiting inhibition chronic, i-myocardial inhibiting stress, i-myocardial inhibitory kanye nokuvuvukala kwenhliziyo. i-apoptosis, kanye nokuvimbela i-ischemia/ukulimala kabusha. Le mikhiqizo yemvelo idlala indima yokuvikela inhliziyo nemithambo yegazi ngokulawula izindlela ezihlukahlukene zokubonisa, njenge-mTOR, i-AMPK, i-NF-κB, i-Nrf2, njll.

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Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhuba yokudla enengqondo, njengokwandisa ukudla kwezithelo nemifino, ukuphuza itiye eliluhlaza ngokusesilinganisweni, njll., kungasiza ekunciphiseni ingozi yesifo senhliziyo nemithambo yegazi. Izifundo eziningi ze-epidemiological kanye nezivivinyo zomtholampilo zisekela lo mbono. Ikakhulukazi, izinhlanganisela zemvelo ezifana namacatechin etiyeni eliluhlaza, i-lycopene kutamatisi, ne-gingerol ku-ginger zibonise imiphumela ebalulekile yokuvikela inhliziyo.

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Kodwa-ke, nakuba imikhiqizo yemvelo inesithembiso esikhulu emkhakheni wokuvimbela nokulawula izifo zenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi, kusenezinselelo ezithile kanye nemikhawulo. Isibonelo, i-bioavailability yeminye imikhiqizo yemvelo iphansi, indlela yokwenza ayiqondi ngokugcwele, futhi ukusebenza kahle komtholampilo kudinga ukuqinisekiswa okwengeziwe. Ukwengeza, kungase kube nokusebenzelana phakathi kwemikhiqizo yemvelo ehlukene, futhi ukwenziwa kahle komthamo kanye nobude besikhathi sokwelashwa nakho kudinga ucwaningo olwengeziwe.