I-sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) iwuhlobo lwe-polymeric fibre ether etholwe ngokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali kwe-cellulose yemvelo. Isakhiwo sayo sakhiwe ngokuyinhloko iyunithi ye-D-glucose exhunywe nge-β (1→4) ye-glucoside bond. Incibilika emanzini abandayo ukwenza isisombululo se-viscous. I-viscosity yesisombululo ihlobene ne-vitamin eluhlaza ye-DP (ephezulu, ephakathi, ephansi), kanye nezimo zokuhlushwa nokuqedwa, isibonelo: ukuqedwa nokusebenzisa amandla aphezulu e-shear esixazululweni, uma i-CMC i-DS ephansi, noma ukusatshalaliswa kokufakwa esikhundleni kungalingani, khona-ke i-gel aggregate ikhiqizwa; Ngokuphambene, uma i-DS ephezulu kanye nokushintshwa kusatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo, kwakhiwa isixazululo esisobala nesifanayo.

Ezinye izici ezingashintsha ukunyibilika kanye ne-viscosity yezixazululo ze-CMC izinga lokushisa, i-PH, usawoti, ushukela noma amanye ama-polymer.

Imiphumela yezinga lokushisa:
Lapho izinga lokushisa lesisombululo se-CMC likhuphuka, i-viscosity yesisombululo iyancipha (njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1). Kodwa-ke, esimweni sokushisa esifushane, lapho izinga lokushisa lehla ekushiseni kwangempela, isisombululo singabuyisa i-viscosity yasekuqaleni. Uma izinga lokushisa lokushisa nesikhathi kude (okufana ne-125 ℃, ihora elingu-1), i-viscosity yesisombululo iyancipha ngenxa yokuwohloka kwe-cellulose. Lesi simo, ezifana magciwane ukudla kwenzeka
PH imiphumela:
Ku-CMC, ikhambi, i-PH acidic, lizwela kakhulu, ngoba i-CMC-NA izoguqulelwa ku-CMC-H, engancibiliki. Ukuze kulawulwe ukunyibilika okuhle kwe-CMC kumidiya ene-asidi, ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ukuncibilika nge-DS ephezulu (0.8-0.9) nangaphambi kokwengeza i-asidi.

Umphumela kasawoti: I-CMC iwuhlobo lwe-anionic, ingasabela ngosawoti ukuze yenze usawoti oncibilikayo we-CMC, usawoti oncibilikayo noma o-trivalent, bese ikhuthaza ukwakheka kwenethiwekhi engaphezulu noma encane, noma ibangele ukuncishiswa kwe-CMC viscosity, noma ibangele i-gelation noma imvula, uma i-CMC iqala ukuncibilika emanzini, bese ifaka usawoti, umthelela omncane.

Imithelela yezinye izinto:
Izinguquko zibangelwa nokwengezwa kwezinyibilikisi ezithile, noma ezinye ezifana noshukela, isitashi nezinsini.

Ezinye izakhiwo:
Isixazululo samanzi se-CMC sithixotropic. Isixazululo samanzi se-CMC sibonisa ukuziphatha kwe-pseudoplastic ngenani eliphezulu lokushear. Ngakho-ke, kuye ngesilinganiso sokugunda, isisombululo se-CMC esine-viscosity ephezulu singaba ne-viscosity ephansi kunesixazululo se-CMC esine-viscosity ephakathi.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-CMC ekudleni

I-CMC-Na isetshenziswa kakhulu ekudleni njenge-thickener, stabilizer, njll., futhi ingasiza ekutholeni ukwakheka kwenhlangano oyifunayo, kanye nezakhiwo zezinzwa ezifiselekayo. Ngenxa yale misebenzi eminingi, i-CMC isetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yokudla, manje eseyethulwa kulokhu okulandelayo:

Okokuqala, dessert eqandisiwe - ice cream - ushukela amanzi sorbet

Emikhiqizweni eqandisiwe, i-stabilizer kufanele yengezwe ukugcina inhlangano yomkhiqizo izinzile ukuze isetshenziswe. Phakathi kweziqinisi eziningi, i-CMC iyisinzinzisi esisetshenziswa kakhulu ku-ayisikhilimu neminye imikhiqizo eqandisiwe. Isizathu siwukuthi, okokuqala, lapho i-CMC ihlakazeke kahle, ingancibilika ngokushesha emanzini, yakha i-viscosity edingekayo, futhi ingalawula kahle ukunwetshwa. Okwesibili, i-CMC, njengamanye ama-stabilizers, ingakwazi ukulawula ukwakheka kwamakristalu eqhwa, igcine inhlangano efanayo nengaguquguquki, futhi igcine uzinzo lapho umkhiqizo ugcinwa, ngisho noma ufrizwa ngokuphindaphindiwe/uncibilika. I-CMC isetshenziswa ngamanani amancane futhi inikeza izici ezinhle kakhulu zezinzwa (ukwakheka nokunambitha).

Ku-ayisikhilimu onamafutha amancane kanye nobisi, kubikwa ukuthi i-CMC ixutshwe ne-carrageenan engu-10-15% ukuvimbela ukuhlukaniswa kwengxube ngaphambi kokubanda. Ngokuncipha kokuqukethwe kwamafutha, inani le-CMC liyakhula ngokufanelekile, futhi isakhiwo esinamafutha nesishelelayo singatholakala.

I-CMC ingasetshenziswa futhi njengesiqinisi sokuqabula iziphuzo zejusi yezithelo. Ku-sugar water sorbet, i-CMC ingakhulula iphunga futhi inciphise umphumela wokufihla umbala ne-flavour.

Emikhiqizweni yobisi eqandisiwe njengengxube eyomile, cishe u-0.2% we-CMC stabilizer ungangezwa, futhi kusiraphu, inani le-CMC lingaba phezulu ku-0.75~1%. Ngokuvamile, inani le-CMC elingeziwe liyahlukahluka kuye ngezithako zomkhiqizo oqandisiwe. Kwamanye amazwe, izinto zezitshalo zisetshenziswa esikhundleni samafutha obisi, ukudla okumnandi okwenziwayo okufana ne-sorbitol kusetshenziswa esikhundleni sikashukela ku-ayisikhilimu, kanti i-CMC nayo ingasetshenziswa.

Okubili, ukudla okubhakiwe

Izimpahla ezibhakiwe zihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi: njengesinkwa esikhethekile, amakhekhe ahlukahlukene, ophaya, amafritter nokunye.

Ekukhiqizeni isinkwa, isinkwa kanye neminye imikhiqizo, kukhona inhlama njengoba impahla base, ngoba CMC osheshayo, kungenziwa ngokushesha kuhlangene izithako ezahlukene, ngokushesha thola inhlama okunamathelayo. Kwezinye izimo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-CMC ukulungisa izithako, amanzi amaningi azokwengezwa ngaphezulu, igremu ngayinye ye-CMC, amanzi aphakathi kuka-20 kuya ku-40, inani le-CMC liyahlukahluka ngomkhiqizo, ngokuvamile i-0.1 kuya ku-0.4% yokuqinile.

Ukwengezwa kwe-CMC emikhiqizweni ebhakiwe kungathuthukisa ukufana kwenhlama kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwezithako, njengamagilebhisi omisiwe noma izithelo zekristalu. Lezi zithako zingasatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo emkhiqizweni lapho ubhaka.

Ezimweni eziningi, amanzi angeziwe angagcinwa ngesikhathi sokubhaka ukuze uthole imikhiqizo ethambile, ngisho nezinsuku ezimbalwa, ngakho-ke i-CMC inganciphisa ukuguga kwemikhiqizo. Ngenxa yokuthi ingaphakathi liqukethe izinhlayiya ezithambile eziningi, ngokuvamile libonisa ukwanda komthamo womkhiqizo.

I-CMC ingathuthukisa ukwakheka kwezicubu zokugcwaliswa, izithasiselo kanye ne-icing, ngenkathi igwema ukuncipha kokuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni kokugcwalisa futhi ilawula uqweqwe lwamakristalu kashukela. Emikhiqizweni ethambile, i-CMC yokuzinza kwesakhiwo, ingasetshenziswa yodwa, ingasetshenziswa nezinye izithasiselo.
3. Iziphuzo Ezithambile

I-CMC isetshenziswa kakhulu eziphuzweni ezithambile ukuze ikhiphe amajusi, ithuthukise ukunambitheka nokuthungwa, isuse ukwakheka kwamasongo kawoyela emabhodleleni, futhi ivikele ukunambitheka okubabayo okungafuneki kwama-sweeteners okwenziwa.

Umphumela we-CMC eziphuzweni uhlobene nochungechunge lwamapharamitha, njengemodeli ye-CMC, i-viscosity, ukusetshenziswa kwe-CMC, uhlobo lwesiphuzo esithambile nezithako.

Ngokuvamile, ukuhleleka kokwengezwa kanye ne-homogenization yezithako kunethonya elincane ekuzinzeni. Kwesinye isimo, i-CMC iyengezwa, okungcono ekupheleni komkhiqizo. Lokhu kuthuthukisa ukuzinza.

Nakuba i-viscosity ingavamile ukuba yimbangela yokumiswa kwejusi, ivame ukuboniswa eziphuzweni zejusi engu-25°Brix futhi kulula ukuzinza kuneziphuzo eziphuzwayo ngokushesha ezino-7-10% oncibilikayo.

4. Imikhiqizo yobisi

Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zemikhiqizo: imikhiqizo engathathi hlangothi, njenge-dessert cream; Imikhiqizo ene-Acidic, njengeziphuzo ze-yogurt.

Imikhiqizo engathathi hlangothi: I-CMC ingangezwa ukwenza izinhlobonhlobo zezinhlaka ezahlukene ze-dessert ukhilimu, i-CMC ingaqeda ukuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi kwesitashi, i-carrageenan noma i-CMC carrageenan, ngakho-ke ingenziwa ukugcina ukhilimu ophehliwe ozinzile.

Iyogathi: I-CMC isetshenziselwa ukwenza iyogathi, evame kakhulu, ngenxa yemvelo yayo ye-anionic, evumela i-casein ukuthi isabele ku-PH isoelectric point range (PH4.6) ukuze yakhe ukwelashwa kokushisa okuncibilikayo kanye nezakhiwo ezizinzile zokugcina. Ngakho-ke, uhla lwemikhiqizo lungakhiqizwa futhi luzinziswe: njengobisi omuncu, iziphuzo, ibhotela, imikhiqizo yobisi, iziphuzo zejusi yobisi, njll.

Ukunakwa okukhethekile kufanele kukhokhwe ekufinyeleleni ukuzinza okuhle. Okokuqala, inani le-CMC elengeziwe kufanele linqunywe. Lokhu kuhlobene nohlobo lwe-CMC (ngesilinganiso esifanayo esilinganayo, ukuzinza kohlobo lwe-viscosity ephezulu kungcono); Okuhlobene nesilinganiso sokuqukethwe kwe-casein; Okuhlobene nevelu engu-PH yesiphuzo; Ngokuphathelene nezimo zokuvutshelwa noma ze-asidi, ingakhiqiza ama-casein aggregate amaningi noma amancane. Ukuvumelana komkhiqizo kuhlobene nesilinganiso se-CMC, amafutha, indaba eqinile, futhi ihlobene nokwelashwa kwemishini, njenge-homogenization ngaphansi kwengcindezi, enganciphisa ukuhambisana kodwa akuthinti ukuzinza.

Ukhilimu omuncu, ubisi omuncu, ujamu kashizi kakhilimu, njll., nakho kungangeza ukuqiniswa kwe-CMC.

I-CMC namanye amaprotheni nawo angakha ama-soluble complexes, njengeprotheyini ye-soy, i-gelatin.

Isaladi yokugqoka kanye nojamu abahlukahlukene

I-CMC isetshenziselwa ukwenza isaladi yokugqoka, futhi kulula ukwenza i-emulsion, ikakhulukazi uma igcinwe isikhathi eside ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa ezingafaneleki, ezingathuthukisa ukuzinza kwayo.

Ngokuya ngokuvumelana okufunayo nokuqukethwe kwamafutha, sebenzisa i-medium-viscosity noma i-high-viscosity CMC, inani liphakathi kuka-0.5-1%. Ukukhiqizwa kokugqoka isaladi kwenziwa ngokungeza kancane kancane uwoyela esigabeni samanzi se-CMC nokuwushukumisa. Le ndlela yokusebenza ingenziwa ngokuqondile, hlanganisa izithako kahle, uhlakaze emanzini ngemfoloko noma i-whisk, ugovuze imizuzu embalwa, kancane kancane wengeze amafutha ukuze wenze i-emulsion. Lapho i-CMC ingancibiliki kule nqubo, ihlakazeka emafutheni, ngaphansi kwesenzo samandla aphezulu we-shear, lapho isigaba samanzi siqukethe ezinye izithako (njenge-egg yolk, uviniga, usawoti ...). Lapho i-emulsification iphinde yakheka.

I-CMC ingasetshenziselwa izinhlobonhlobo zojamu njengokudla kwesitsha okuqandisiwe okujulile. Ngenxa yezici ze-CMC, izakhiwo ezahlukene zingakhiwa
(ibushelelezi, ende noma emfushane), ikakhulukazi, inamandla okumunca amanzi futhi ivimbele ukuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi kanye nokuncipha lapho incibilika futhi ishisa kabusha kuhhavini.

Kusoso katamatisi, i-CMC iyengezwa ukunikeza ukuvumelana nokuthungwa okufunayo. Umthamo ngu-0.5-1%, oyancipha njengoba inani lamatamatisi angu-M asetshenzisiwe likhula.

6. Imikhiqizo kakhilimu ophehliwe

I-CMC ingasetshenziswa njenge-stabilizer yemikhiqizo yezicubu ezixekethile (i-pore), kusukela ekuzinzeni komphumela wokucatshangelwa, umphumela we-HPC wokugwedla uhle kakhulu, lapho wona kanye namafutha yemifino ndawonye ukwenza izithasiselo ezigwebuzelayo, umphumela muhle kakhulu.

Umphumela wayo obaluleke kakhulu wokuzinzisa ukuvimbela ukubopha kwe-caking kanye nezinhlayiya zamafutha, ukuvimbela ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba se-liquid ngesikhathi sokugcinwa, nokuvimbela ukuncipha nokuncipha kokuphelelwa amandla kwamanzi.

8. Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza

I-CMC Ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza:
Inani lekhalori le-CMC liphansi. Ngakho-ke, i-CMC isetshenziselwa ukwenza imikhiqizo enekhalori ephansi.

Ekudleni okusheshayo, i-CMC incibilika ngokushesha, inikeze ukuvumelana okuthile nokuthungwa, okungamisa ingxenye ethile, njengekhofi eziphuzweni zikashokoledi.

Emikhiqizweni yenyama, i-CMC isetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokuqina yokuthela umhluzi kanye nokuvimbela ukuhlukana kwamafutha. Iphinde ibe nemiphumela yokubopha kanye nokubamba amanzi ukuvimbela ukushwabana kwenyama yesoseji.