I-Flavour Enhancer, eyaziwa nangokuthi isithuthukisi ukunambitheka, ibhekisela ezintweni ezingathuthukisa kakhulu noma zithuthukise ukunambitheka kwasekuqaleni kokudla. Embonini ye-flavour kanye nephunga elimnandi, ukuze kulungiswe izidingo zephunga elimnandi, kuvame ukufaka ama-flavour agents ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukushuba kwe-flavour, ukunciphisa izindleko, nokwenza iphunga lihambisane, licebile, lithambile futhi libe namaqiniso. I-flavour yokudla ivame ukuhlukaniswa ibe ukunambitheka okumnandi (okufana ne-strawberry, i-apula, i-peach, njll.) kanye ne-flavour enosawoti (njenge-flavour spicy, ukunambitheka kwenyama), ukunambitheka kwenyama kuyingxenye ebalulekile embonini ye-flavour yokudla, isithuthukisi sokunambitha inyama singahlukaniswa ngezigaba ezilandelayo ze-6:

I-1) I-flavour monomer yokudla (Chemical) : i-maltol, i-ethyl maltol, i-furfuryl mercaptan, i-furfuryl mercaptan, i-2-mercapto-3-furan mercaptan, i-bis (2-methyl-3-furan) i-disulfide, i-methyl cyclopentenolone (MCP), njll.;

2) ama-Umami agents: i-sodium glutamate (MSG), inosine ye-sodium (IMP), i-sodium guanylate (GMP), i-sodium inosine + i-sodium guanylate (I+ G), i-monosodium succinate (MSS), i-disodium succinate (DSS), njll .;

3) Amafutha abalulekile emvelo kanye nama-flavour awo ahlanganisiwe: njengamafutha e-sesame, ukunambitheka kwesesame nezinye izinongo amafutha abalulekile, ama-resin noma ama-flavour ahlanganisiwe;

I-4) Ama-odorants akhiqizwa ekuphenduleni kwe-Maillard: njenge-aldehydes noma i-ketones ne-cysteine ????ekhiqizwa ekuphenduleni amanani amancane kakhulu e-hydrogen sulfide;

I-5) Okunye okunambitheka okungokwemvelo nezinongo: njengokwengeza inani elincane lengulube nenyama yenkukhu ku-flavour yenkomo, kanye nokwengeza inani elincane lenkukhu kanye nenyama yenkomo ukunambitheka kwengulube.

Isithuthukisi sokunambitheka kwenyama sinezici ezilandelayo:

1) Inani lincane, umphumela wokuthuthukisa iphunga ubalulekile;

2) Isithuthukisi sephunga ngokwaso singase singalethi iphunga elimnandi, futhi ngeke siguqule ukwakheka kanye nokwakheka kwezinye izinto ezinuka kamnandi, kodwa singashintsha imisebenzi yomuntu yokuphila, okungukuthi, siqinise ukugqugquzelwa kwemizwa yabantu yokuhogela, sithuthukise futhi sithuthukise ukuzwela kwamangqamuzana aphunga, futhi siqinise ukudluliswa kolwazi lwephunga;

3) Yehlisa inani lezinye izinto ezinephunga elimnandi noma wehlise inani lokugcina le-flavour ngokuthuthukisa kakhulu iphunga, ngaleyo ndlela wehlise izindleko;

4) Amanye ama-flavour agents awagcini nje ngokuba nomthelela wokunambitheka, kodwa futhi abe nomthelela omuhle wephunga, ongenza iphunga lihlanganiswe, lithambile, licebile, futhi isikhathi eside sokugcina iphunga;

I-5) Ezinye izithuthukisi zokunambitheka zinesakhiwo esikhethekile samangqamuzana, futhi zingasabela nezinye izinto enqubweni yokucubungula ukuze zikhiqize ezinye izinto zephunga, njenge-furanone, i-MCP, njll.;

I-6) Inani le-ejenti yokunambitheka linomphumela kuphunga. Amanye ama-flavour agents ngeke athinte iphunga elimnandi le-flavour uma lisetshenziswe ngobuningi, njenge-maltol, i-ethyl maltol, njll., kuyilapho ezinye izinongo zizoletha iphunga elingemnandi uma zisetshenziswe ngokweqile, njenge-furfuryl mercaptan, i-MCP, njll.;

I-7) Ngenxa yomphumela we-synergistic phakathi kwezithuthukisi zephunga, zivame ukusetshenziswa ndawonye.

Ukwethulwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezithuthukisi zenyama

A, ikilasi le-flavour edliwayo ye-monomer

(a) I-Maltol ne-ethyl maltol zombili ziyi-ejenti yokunambitheka kwe-spectrum ebanzi, ekuhlaziyeni kwe-GC/MS kwezinye izinambitheka zenyama kutholwe ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yokunambitheka kwenyama yenezela i-malt noma i-ethyl maltol, inani elingeziwe lika-1% kuya ku-20% (lapha libhekisela esilinganisweni sekhwalithi yezinongo ku-flavour, ngaphandle kwezinyibilikisi). I-Maltol (i-Maltol, i-Veltol), igama lokuhweba le-flavol, i-Palatone, i-Kopalin, igama lamakhemikhali i-2-methylpyromeconic acid, inephunga elikhethekile elifana neshukela elishisiwe likakhilimu, elichazwa nangokuthi iphunga le-caramel, elishisayo, elifakwe ku-93 ℃, Imikhiqizo yemvelo itholakala ku-malt othosiwe, izinaliti zikaphayini, i-chicory. I-Ethy Maltol (i-Vetol2plus), eyaziwa ngamakhemikhali ngokuthi i-2-ethyl pyromeconic acid, ine-caramel ehlala isikhathi eside nephunga elimnandi, elinokunambitheka okumnandi kakhulu kanye nephunga elimnandi lezithelo kwisixazululo esincane. Kokubili kuncibilika emanzini, i-ethanol ne-propylene glycol (PG) kufanele inake amaphuzu angu-4 alandelayo lapho usebenzisa: 1) Kokubili kuqukethe i-phenol hydroxyl, futhi ukuthintana neziqukathi zensimbi kuzoba bomvu, ngakho gwema ukusebenzisa iziqukathi zensimbi; 2) Ngaphansi kwezimo ezine-acidic, umphumela wokuthuthukisa iphunga muhle, kodwa ngaphansi kwezimo ze-alkaline, umphumela uyancishiswa ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa kweqembu le-phenol hydroxyl; 3) Umphumela wokuthuthukisa iphunga le-ethyl maltol cishe izikhathi ezi-3-8 kune-maltol, futhi umthamo ungancishiswa uma usebenzisa owokuqala; 4) Uma isetshenziswa ne-I + G, MSG, MCP namanye ama-ejenti esinongo, ingathuthukisa umphumela.

(b) I-MCPMCP, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-3-methyl-1, 2-cyclopentenedione noma i-3-methyl-2-hydroxy-2-cyclopentene-1-one, iyimpushana yecrystalline emhlophe noma ekhanyayo ene-maple nephunga elifana ne-acer, elibuye lichazwe njengephunga le-caramel. Ukuba khona kwayo kutholwe kwezinye izinambitheka zenyama. I-MCP inezindawo zokunambitheka ezifanayo ku-maltol ne-ethyl maltol, kodwa umthamo akufanele ube mningi kakhulu. Ngaphansi kwezimo zokushisa eziphezulu, i-MCP izophinda ivule iringi futhi isabele nezinye izinto zephunga elimnandi ukuze ikhiqize ukunambitheka kwenyama okuyingqayizivele.

(3) I-Furfuryl Mercaptan, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-coffee mercaptan, i-2-furanyl methylmercaptan. Ekugxilweni okuphezulu, inephunga elibi kakhulu lesulfure, futhi lapho lihlanjululwe, liphunga ikhofi nenyama. Imikhiqizo ye-furfuryl mercaptan engu-1% ekhiqizwa ezinye izinkampani ezinkulu inokunambitheka okuqinile kwenyama, inyama ethosiwe (futhi njengenyama yenkomo), futhi ayinayo ukunambitheka kwekhofi. Ukuhlaziywa kwe-GC/MS kokunye okunambitheka kwenyama kuthole ukuba khona kwe-furfuryl mercaptan ngamanani okulandelela, futhi amaphepha amaningi nawo aqinisekisa indima ye-furfuryl mercaptan futhi aphakamisa ukuthi kungezwe amanani okulandelela. Ekusetshenzisweni kwangempela, i-furfuryl mercaptan ihlanjululwa ibe yingxenyana engu-1% enkulu bese yengezwa ku-flavour yenyama ngenani elincane.

(4) Furaneol; I-Furanone) igama lamakhemikhali i-2, i-5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3 (2H) -i-furanone, i-flavour yokudla, i-flavour enhancer, i-synergist. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1960, yayitholakala kuphayinaphu omusha nesobho lenkomo, ngakho ibizwa nangokuthi i-bromelain. I-Furanone inophayinaphu wemvelo, ama-strawberry afana nephunga elimnandi, elibuye lichazwe njengephunga elimnandi elishisiwe, elinephunga elicacile, umphumela omnandi, lingenza iphunga libe liyindilinga futhi liphuphume, futhi linomsebenzi wokuvikela nokumboza ukunambitheka okungajabulisi. Ingxenye eyodwa ye-furanone ilingana nezingxenye ezingu-5.5 kuya kwezi-6 ze-ethyl maltol kanye nezingxenye ezingu-16 kuya kwezingu-20 ze-maltol ekuthuthukiseni iphunga nokuvikela iphunga elibi. Ekuhlaziyweni kwe-GC/MS kokunye okunambitheka kwenyama, kutholwe ukuba khona kwe-furanone, futhi ingxenye yayo ingaba phezulu njengo-5% wengxenye yokunambitheka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-furanone futhi iyinhlanganisela ye-flavour precursor ye-flavour yenyama, engasabela nge-cysteine, i-cystine, i-ammonium sulfide nezinye izinto ukukhiqiza izinto ezinambitheka zenyama, futhi ikhiqize inani elincane kakhulu le-hydrogen sulfide. Ngokocwaningo luka-Ding Desheng, ukwengeza i-furanone ku-essence yenkukhu ngokusobala kungakhuphula ukugcwala nokulinganisela kwe-flavour futhi kuthuthukise ukunambitheka kwe-barbecue. Ukwengeza i-furanone ku-essence yenkomo kungathuthukisa ukunambitheka nokunambitheka ngokuphawulekayo, futhi ukushelela kanye nokunambitheka kwe-flavour kwanda kakhulu, okwenza inyama inambitheke kakhudlwana, enamanzi futhi enamanzi. Izibonelo zokusetshenziswa kwe-furanone, (I + G) ne-MSG ziboniswa kuThebula 1.

(5) Amanye ama-flavour monomers anephunga elibalulekile elithuthukisa kanye nemiphumela yokumodulating yilezi: 2-methyl-3-furan mercaptan, bis (2-methyl-3-furan) disulfide, 2-methyl-3-methyl-mercaptan, 2-methyl-3-tetrahydrofuran mercaptan, njll. amanani.

Okwesibili, isigaba se-ejenti ye-umami

(a) I-MSGMSG yi-MSG, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-L-glutamate sodium, i-sodium glutamate. I-MSG empeleni ayinaphunga, ino-umami, ukunambitheka okumnandi nosawoti, futhi umkhawulo wokunambitha ngu-0.014%. I-MSG isebenza ekugcineni kolimi kanye nemihlathi emibili, futhi inomuzwa onamandla womthelela oqondile we-umami kanye nokuqaphela kusengaphambili. Umami udla imbuya ngothi, kanti umthelela womami ubonakala emqondweni ophakathi, umami ufika ngokushesha uhambe ngokushesha.

I-MSG inomphumela we-synergistic ne-IMP, GMP kanye (I + G). (MSG + IMP) Ku-0.05 g/ L mass concentration, lapho i-MSG∶IMP = 1∶1, umami ufinyelele umfutho omkhulu; Engxubeni ye-MSG ne-IMP, ingxenye enkulu ye-IMP inyuke isuka ku-zero yaya ku-50%, futhi ukuqina kwe-umami kukhuphuke kusimo se-convex parabolic. Ingxenye enkulu ye-IMP ikhuphuke isuka ku-50% yaya ku-100%, futhi ukushuba kwe-umami kwehle kusimo se-convex parabolic.

I-MSG ivame ukuxutshwa no (I + G) ukuze kukhiqizwe i-MSG enamandla, 99% MSG+ 1% (I + G) inganyuswa izikhathi ezingu-2, 98% MSG+ 2% (I + G) inganyuswa izikhathi ezingu-3.5; 96% MSG+ 4% (I + G) inganyuswa ngesilinganiso esingu-5. Ekusetshenzisweni kwe-flavour yenyama, i-MSG ivamise ukusetshenziswa kuhlanganiswe no-(I + G), futhi isicelo esithile siboniswa kuThebula 1.

(2) I-IMP, i-GMP kanye (I + G) ne-IMP ne-GMP zikhona ngobuningi emfuyweni nasemikhiqizo yezinkukhu njengenyama yenkomo, ingulube nenkukhu, kanye nezilwane zasolwandle ezifana namasardine, ama-eels, i-pike enamabala amhlophe nezinhlanzi ezinuka kamnandi. I-IMP ne-GMP inokunambitheka okuqinile kwe-umami, futhi ukuqina kwe-umami ye-GMP cishe izikhathi ezi-3 ngaphezu kwaleyo ye-IMP, futhi ingxube yakho kokubili ivamise ukusetshenziselwa ukuthengisa (okungukuthi, I + G, IMP kanye ne-akhawunti ye-GMP ngama-50% ngayinye). I-MSG, IMP, GMP, (I + G) ingenza ukunambitheka kwenyama kuqine kakhulu, kuphelele, kuthuthukise futhi kuthuthukise ukunambitheka kwenyama, ukuphikelela nomuzwa oqinile.

(3) I-MSS ne-DSSMSS, i-DSS zombili zine-umami kanye nokunambitheka kwe-shellfish okukhethekile, ngakho-ke yaziwa nakwezentengiso njenge-scallops, i-shellfish (njengenyama yembaza, ukhwathu, iminenke, ama-scallops, ama-abalone, ama-clams, njll.) izakhi eziyinhloko ze-umami, zingasetshenziswa njengesithuthukisi ukunambitheka kokudla kwasolwandle. Zombili zinomphumela we-synergistic ne-MSG.

3.Amafutha abalulekile emvelo noma ingqikithi yawo ehlanganisiwe

Amafutha abalulekile asetshenziswa kakhulu yi-sesame oil. I-sesame engagazingiwe inezingxenye ezimbalwa zephunga, iqukethe kuphela izinhlobo ezingaphezu kweziyi-10 ze-aldehyde (njenge-valeraldehyde, i-hexal, i-heptanaldehyde, i-furfural, i-5-methylfurfural, njll.), ama-phenol ambalwa (i-phenol, i-guaiacol, njll.) kanye nezinhlobo ezingaphezu kweziyi-10 zezinye iphunga. Kodwa-ke, ngemva kokuwoswa kwe-sesame, izingxenye zayo zephunga kanye nobuningi banda kakhulu. Kubandakanya ama-hydrocarbon, utshwala, ama-aldehyde, ama-ketone, ama-acids, ama-furan, ama-phenols, ama-lactones, ama-pyrazines, ama-pyrroles, ama-pyridines, ama-oxazoles, ama-nitriles, ama-thiazoles, ama-thiophenes, ama-mercaptan nama-sulfide nezinye izigaba eziyi-17 zento engama-roma engu-208. Uwoyela weSesame okhishwe kusesame Egazingiwe unephunga elimnandi nephunga elimnandi. Uma ufuna ukwengeza amafutha e-sesame ku-flavour yamanzi, kuyadingeka ukufaka i-emulsify amafutha e-sesame kuqala, ngaphandle kwalokho i-fat floating izokwenzeka ngemva kokungeza, okuthinta ukubukeka kanye nekhwalithi ye-flavour. Kwamanye amafutha ahlanganisiwe athengiswayo noma amafutha esaladi, amafutha e-sesame avame ukungezwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukunambitheka, ukuthuthukisa inani elengeziwe lomkhiqizo. Ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwamafutha e-sesame yemvelo, ukunambitheka kwamafutha wesesame nakho kungasetshenziswa. Lapho iphunga lamafutha e-sesame yemvelo lingaqinile ngokwanele noma ikhwalithi ingazinzile, ingaxazululwa ngendlela enephunga elimnandi.

Okwesine, ukusabela kwe-Maillard ukukhiqiza izithuthukisi zokunambitheka

Lolu hlobo lokusabela luye lwabikwa ezifundweni eziningi, isibonelo: 1) VB1 → bis (2-methyl-3-furanyl) disulfide; 2) i-α-hydroxyl ketone + (NH4) 2S →H2S, njll.; 3) I-Aldehyde + (NH4) 2S →H2S, njll.; 4) AmaFuranone nama-analogue awo esakhiwo + (NH4) 2S →H2S, njll.

Ukuze unciphise izindleko ze-flavour yenyama futhi uthuthukise amandla ayo, ukugcwala nokuxhumana, kuyadingeka ukwengeza isithuthukisi se-flavour yenyama. Kodwa-ke, akuzona zonke izithuthukisi ze-flavour ezingasetshenziswa ku-flavour yenyama, ngokuvamile, i-MSG, (I + G), i-furanone, i-maltol ne-ethyl maltol ifaneleka ukunambitheka kwenyama okuhlukahlukene, i-MSS, i-DSS ye-flavour yezilwane zasolwandle, amafutha e-sesame afanele ingulube, inyama yenkomo, i-ham, i-roast nezinye izinhlobo zokunambitheka.