Indlela ye-amino acid biosynthesis ayigcini nje ngokuba neqhaza elibalulekile emisebenzini yokuphila, kodwa futhi ikhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kokukhiqizwa kwe-amino acid esebenza kahle futhi enobungani nemvelo kanye ne-synthetic biology ekuvubeleni kwezimboni. Amaprotheni ayisisekelo sokuphila, futhi adlala izindima ezihlukahlukene kumaseli, kusukela ekusekelweni kwesakhiwo kuye ekubangeleni ukusabela kwamakhemikhali. Wonke amaprotheni akhiwe ngama-amino acid angama-20 ahlukene akhiqizwa ngaphakathi kwamaseli ngezinqubo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-biosynthesis. Ukutholakala kwama-amino acid angama-20 kwathatha cishe iminyaka eyikhulu, kwaqala ngokuhlukaniswa kokuqala kwe-glycine ngusokhemisi ongumFulentshi u-H. Braconnot ngo-1820, futhi kwaphetha ngokutholwa kwe-threonine nguW. Rose ngo-1935. I-biosynthesis yama-amino acid iwukuqukethwe okuyinhloko kwe-microbial composition composition. Lesi sihloko sizokuhambisa ngendlela la ma-amino acid ahlanganiswa ngayo kusuka kuma-molecule alula nokuthi ahlukaniswa kanjani. I-biosynthesis yawo wonke ama-amino acids ihlanganiswa ngezindlela zamagatsha kusetshenziswa i-intermediate yezindlela ezimaphakathi ze-metabolic njengezandulela. Ngokohlobo lwesandulela sokuqala, i-biosynthesis yama-amino acid ingahlukaniswa ngamaqembu angu-5: Amaqembu e-Glutamate, kuhlanganise ne-glutamate (Glu), i-glutamine (Gln), i-proline (Pro) ne-arginine (Arg). Ukuhlanganiswa kwalawa ma-amino acid kuqala nge-glutamate, i-molecule eyinhloko emzileni ophakathi we-metabolic. Umndeni we-aspartate uhlanganisa i-aspartate (Asp), i-aspartamide (i-Asn), i-lysine (i-Lys), i-threonine (i-Thr), i-methionine (i-Met), ne-isoleucine (i-Ile). Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-amino acid yalo mndeni kuqala nge-aspartic acid, ebuye ibe umkhiqizo wezindlela ezimaphakathi ze-metabolic. Umndeni wama-amino acid anephunga elimnandi, okuhlanganisa i-phenylalanine (Phe), i-tyrosine (Tyr), ne-tryptophan (Trp). Ukuhlanganiswa kwalawa ma-amino acid kuqala nge-erythrosis-4-phosphate (E4P) ne-phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), ama-molecule amabili nawo abalulekile emigwaqweni ye-metabolic. Umndeni we-serine uhlanganisa i-serine (Ser), i-glycine (Gly), ne-cysteine ??(Cys). Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-amino acid yalo mndeni kuqala nge-serine, okuyindawo yokuhlanganisa yezindlela eziningi ze-biosynthetic. Iqembu le-alanine lihlanganisa i-alanine (Ala), i-valine (Val) ne-leucine (Leu). Nakuba lawa ma-amino acid engeyemindeni ehlukene, anokusabela okufanayo ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa, futhi lokhu kusabela kuvame ukwenziwa yisigaba esifanayo sama-enzyme.

I-Isoleucine, i-valine, ne-leucine, nakuba ingeyemindeni ehlukene, inokusabela okufanayo okubangelwa i-enzyme efanayo. Ukuguqulwa kwe-serine ku-cysteine ????kuyisenzo esiyinhloko sokunciphisa i-assimilative sulfate. I-Biosynthesis yeqembu le-amino acid enamakha yaqalwa yi-erythrosis-4-P ne-PEP. I-biosynthesis ye-histidine ikhethekile, futhi ifreyimu yayo ye-carbon itholakala ku-phosphoribose pyrophosphate (PRPP). Ama-C amabili ku-ribose ye-PRPP asetshenziselwa ukwakha iringi ye-imidazole enamalungu angu-5, kanti okunye kusetshenziselwa ukwakha iketango elisemaceleni le-3C. I-biosynthesis yama-amino acid idlala indima ebalulekile ekuvubeleni kwezimboni. Aziyona nje ingxenye ebalulekile yokukhula kwe-microbial kanye nomsebenzi we-metabolic, kodwa futhi ziyingxenye ebalulekile yemikhiqizo eminingi evutshiwe. Ukukhiqizwa kwama-amino acid ngokuvutshelwa kwe-microbial kungazuza ukukhiqizwa okuphumelelayo futhi okungabizi kakhulu ngenkathi kunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo, okubalulekile ekudleni, ukudla, imithi kanye nezinye izimboni.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-biosynthesis yama-amino acid ikhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kwe-synthetic biology kanye nobunjiniyela be-metabolic, okwenza kube nokwenzeka ukukhiqiza ama-amino acid athile kanye nokuphuma kwawo ngama-microorganisms. Lokhu akuthuthukisi ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kuphela, kodwa futhi kunikeza inkundla yokuthuthukiswa kwemikhiqizo emisha ye-biotechnology futhi kwandise futhi uhla lokusetshenziswa kokuvutshelwa kwezimboni.