I-Citicoline (i-cytidine 5-diphosphate choline, i-CDP-choline) ibalulekile ekukhiqizeni ama-phospholipids afana ne-phosphatidylcholine. Lawa ma-molecule akha ulwelwesi lwamangqamuzana kanye nezinsimbi ezivikelayo emzimbeni [1]. I-Citicoline iyi-molecule eyinkimbinkimbi kune-choline evamile, noma i-alpha-GPC, kodwa iyinto efanayo ekhiqizwa ngokwemvelo ebuchosheni. Ukuze ugweme ukudideka, ososayensi banquma ukuyibiza ngokuthi "citicoline" lapho isetshenziswa njengendlela yokwelapha futhi "CDP-choline" lapho ikhiqizwa emzimbeni [2]. Uma isingenile, ikhipha izinhlanganisela ezimbili: i-cytidine ne-choline. Ngemuva kokuwela umgoqo wegazi nobuchopho, ama-neurons ebuchosheni awasebenzisa ukwenza i-citicoline namanye ama-phospholipids [3]. I-Choline ithuthukisa i-acetylcholine namanye ama-neurotransmitters ukugcina isimiso sezinzwa sisebenza kahle. Umzimba uguqula i-citicoline ibe ezinye izinhlanganisela eziningi ezizuzisayo. Ngakho-ke, i-citicoline ingaba nezinzuzo eziningi kanye nemiphumela emibi embalwa kune-choline evamile [4,5,3].

Isebenza kanjani

I-Citicoline inyusa ukukhiqizwa kwama-neurotransmitters namabhlogo wokwakha amaseli. Ngaphezu kwe-acetylcholine, ikhulisa i-norepinephrine ne-dopamine ebuchosheni [4,6]. Ingathuthukisa ukugeleza kwegazi ebuchosheni futhi ikhuthaze i-mitochondria ukukhiqiza amandla engeziwe [4,5,2]. Amazinga anele e-CDP choline avikela i-phosphatidylcholine ne-sphingomyelin, eyakha ulwelwesi lwezinzwa oluvikelayo olubizwa ngokuthi i-myelin. I-Citicoline iphinde ivimbele i-enzyme yokuvuvukala i-phospholipase A2 futhi ithuthukise i-antioxidant glutathione eyinhloko [7,8]. Kafushane, i-citicoline isebenza ngokulinganisa ama-neurotransmitters nokuvikela isimiso sezinzwa kusuka ku-oxidation kanye nokulimala okuhlobene nobudala [9,10,1].

Umthombo wokudla

Umzimba uhlanganisa i-citicoline kusuka ku-cytidine ne-choline. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokwandisa amazinga e-citicoline ngokudla ukusebenzisa imithombo yokudla eyanele ehlinzeka kokubili. Ukudla okune-choline okucebile kuhlanganisa [11,12] : Inyama yesitho (isibindi) amaqanda enkukhu inhlanzi Izinhlamvu ezigcwele I-Cytidine iyi-nucleoside ye-RNA egxile kakhulu enyameni (ikakhulukazi inyama yesitho); Ibuye itholakale ku-colostrum [13,14]. Izithako ze-Citicoline (i-Cognizin, i-Somazina) zingomunye umthombo ongaba khona we-choline eyengeziwe, ngaphezu: i-choline alpha-GPC phosphatidylcholine lecithin

Izinzuzo zezempilo ze-citicoline zingase zisebenze

1) Ukuthuthukiswa kwengqondo

Ukwehla kwengqondo okuhlobene nobudala Amakhono okuqonda avame ukwehla ngokuya ngeminyaka ngenxa yokuncipha kokugeleza kwegazi eliya ebuchosheni noma ngenxa yezinye izizathu. Ukubuyekezwa kwezivivinyo zemitholampilo eziyi-14 kuphethe ngokuthi i-CDP-choline ingathuthukisa inkumbulo nokuziphatha ezigulini ezinokukhubazeka okunengqondo okuthambile kuya kokulinganisela, okuhlanganisa nalabo abanobuchopho obumpofu bokujikeleza [9]. Ngokusekelwe kudatha evela ezigulini ezikhulile ezingaphezu kuka-2,800, ngemva kokuthola ukwelashwa kwe-citicoline, izinkinga zenkumbulo zanyamalala ku-21% yeziguli futhi inkumbulo yaba ngcono ku-45% yeziguli. Lolu cwaningo lwalungenazo izilawuli ze-placebo, ngakho-ke kufanele sithathe imiphumela ngohlamvu lukasawoti [18]. I-Citicoline (i-1000mg yezinyanga ze-9) yayizuzisa ezigulini ezikhulile ze-350 ezinokukhubazeka okuncane kwengqondo ngoba yakwazi [19]: Ukuqinisa ulwelwesi lwezinzwa ukuze kwandiswe amazinga e-norepinephrine kanye ne-dopamine ukuvimbela ukulimala okwenziwe nge-oxidative Ezifundweni ezintathu zeziguli ze-210 ezinokuwohloka komqondo kanye nokujikeleza okungalungile kobuchopho, i-CDP-choline yokusabela kahle, i-speed reaction, i-CDP-choline yokusabela. Ukuphakama umthamo we-citicoline (2000mg), umphumela ungcono [20,21,22]. Abantu abaningi basebenzisa i-citicoline ukuthuthukisa ukucabanga, ukuthuthukisa inkumbulo, nokuvimbela ukuncipha kwengqondo. Ake sibone ukuthi isayensi ithini ngendima yayo njengendida... Ezivivinyweni ezimbili zomtholampilo kubantu abadala abanempilo enempilo engu-135, i-citicoline (250-500mg) ithuthukise ukunakwa nokucaca kwengqondo [23,24]. Isiphuzo esine-caffeine ne-CDP choline (250 mg) sithuthukise ukusebenza kwengqondo futhi sinciphise isikhathi sokusabela kumavolontiya angu-60. I-caffeine iyisikhuthazi esaziwayo futhi kungenzeka ibe nomthelela emiphumeleni [25]. Kubantu abadala abanempilo engama-24, imithamo ephezulu ye-citicoline (500 noma i-1000mg) ithuthukise izimpawu ezihlukene zokuqonda - isivinini sokucubungula, inkumbulo yokusebenza neyomlomo, umsebenzi wokuphatha - kodwa kuphela kulabo abanekhono lokucabanga elimpofu [26]. Ocwaningweni olufanayo, izithasiselo azizange zibe nomthelela kubadlali abaphakathi nendawo ngisho nekhono lokucabanga eliphazamisekile kubadlali abasezingeni eliphezulu. [26] I-cannabis ihlukumeza ikhono lengqondo elikhubazekile. Ocwaningweni lwabantu abangu-19 ababhema insangu okungamahlalakhona, i-citicoline (2,000 mg ngosuku amaviki angu-8) yehlisa ukusabela okungalindelekile kanye nokusebenza kwengqondo okuthuthukisiwe. Bonke abahlanganyeli babefuna ukuyeka ukubhema, futhi abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi imiphumela ye-citicoline ingase ibasize ukubaqondisa kuleyo ndlela [27,28]. Ngokocwaningo lokuqala, i-citicoline ingathuthukisa ukunaka nokucaca kwengqondo, ikakhulukazi kubantu abanekhono eliphansi lengqondo.

2) Ukuvuselelwa kwe-stroke

Ukunqamula ukunikezwa kwegazi endaweni ethile yobuchopho kungabulala ama-neuron futhi kubangele ukulimala okukhulu kobuchopho. I-Citicoline ingasiza ngokuqinisa ulwelwesi lwezinzwa nokuvimbela ukukhiqizwa kwama-radical mahhala [29,30]. Ngokocwaningo lwe-meta-analysis yezilingo ezine zomtholampilo (iziguli ezingaphezu kwe-1,300), ukuthatha i-2000mg ye-citicoline phakathi namahora angu-24 ngemva kokushaywa unhlangothi kwandisa amathuba okululama ngokugcwele ngama-38% [10]. Idatha evela kubantu abangaphezu kuka-4,000 abasinde isifo sohlangothi ibonisa ukuthi i-citicoline ithuthukisa imiphumela kanye nokululama kwe-AIDS; Imithamo ephezulu (2000-4000mg) iyasebenza kakhulu. Kwakungekho ukulawula kwe-placebo kulolu cwaningo, ngakho-ke azikho iziphetho eziqondile ezingathathwa [31]. Izifundo ezimbili zeziguli ezingaphezu kwe-3,000 azitholanga nzuzo ebalulekile ye-CDP-choline ye-stroke eyingozi [32,33]. Izidakamizwa ezivimba amahlule zihlala ziyinketho yokuqala ye-acute stroke. Ukubuyekezwa okubili okuhlanganisiwe kuphethe ngokuthi i-citicoline ingase inikeze izinzuzo ezengeziwe noma isize iziguli ezingakwazi ukuthola ukwelashwa okuthandayo [34,35]. Ukuphathwa okufika ngesikhathi kwe-citicoline kungase kuthuthukise ukululama kwe-stroke, kodwa ucwaningo lulinganiselwe. Izidakamizwa ezivimba amahlule zihlala ziyinketho yokuqala ye-acute stroke.

3) Izinkinga zombono

Njengokuvikela izinzwa ezisebuchosheni nasemgogodleni, i-citicoline ingase ibe nomphumela ofanayo onenzuzo ku-optic nerve. Ingase ihlehlise umonakalo kuma-neuron e-retina futhi isize ekwelapheni izifo zamehlo ezifana ne- [1] : I-Optic neuropathy I-Glaucoma Amblyopia Glaucoma Ukwenyuka komfutho wamehlo nezinye izici kungalimaza i-optic nerve futhi kuholele ku-glaucoma, ngezinye izikhathi okuholela ekuphuphuthekeni okuphelele [36]. Ezivivinyweni ezimbili zomtholampilo ezigulini ze-glaucoma ze-80, i-citicoline yomlomo yesikhathi eside yalungisa umonakalo wezinzwa, umbono othuthukisiwe, nokunciphisa ukuqhubeka kwesifo [37,38]. I-Citicoline iso amaconsi abonise imiphumela efanayo kwezinye izilingo ezimbili zomtholampilo (iziguli ze-68) [39,40]. I-Amblyopia, noma "iso elivilaphayo," kwenzeka lapho amehlo nengqondo kungaxhumani kahle. Kungabangela ukufiphala kweso elilodwa. [41] Ezivivinyweni ezintathu zomtholampilo zezingane ze-190, i-citicoline yomlomo ithuthukise ukwelashwa okujwayelekile kwe-amblyopia (i-eye patch) [42,43,44]. Umjovo we-CDP choline (1000mg nsuku zonke) welapha inzwa ye-optic nombono othuthukisiwe kubantu abadala abayi-10 abane-amblyopia. Ucwaningo lwalunosayizi omncane wesampula futhi lwalungenazo izilawuli ze-placebo, ngakho imiphumela iyangabazeka [45]. I-Optic neuropathy I-Optic neuropathy ingolunye uhlobo lokulimala kwenzwa ye-optic engaphazamisa ukubona. Ezigulini ezingama-26 ezine-optic neuropathy, i-citicoline (1600mg/ usuku lwezinyanga ezi-2) ithuthukise umbono ngokulungisa umonakalo wezinzwa [46]. Ubufakazi obanele Abukho ubufakazi bomtholampilo obuvumelekile bokusekela ukusetshenziswa kwe-citicoline ekwelapheni noma yikuphi ukuphazamiseka kulesi sigaba. Okulandelayo isifinyezo socwaningo lwakamuva lwezilwane, izifundo ezisekelwe kumaseli, noma izivivinyo zomtholampilo zekhwalithi ephansi okufanele ziqalise uphenyo oluqhubekayo. Nokho, akufanele uzihumushe njengesekela noma yiziphi izinzuzo zezempilo.

4) Ukulimala kwengqondo

Ingcindezi ye-oxidative, ukusabela kwe-autoimmune, kanye nobuthi bendawo kungabangela ukulimala okukhulu kwamangqamuzana obuchopho. I-Citicoline ivikela ubuchopho nomgogodla kulezi zingcindezi ngokuvikela i-myelin sheath yamaseli kanye nokuthuthukisa ama-neurotransmitters abalulekile. Isifo se-Alzheimer Ezivivinyweni ezintathu zomtholampilo, i-Citicoline (i-1000mg nsuku zonke ngezinyanga ezingu-1-3) ithuthukise izimpawu zesifo se-Alzheimer [47,48,49]: Ukusebenza kwengqondo okuthuthukisiwe kwavuselela ukugeleza kwegazi ebuchosheni kunciphise amazinga ama-molecule avuvukalayo (i-histamine ne-IL1B) Nokho, ukuntuleka kokulawula i-placebo imiphumela kuzo zombili izifundo zenza izifundo ezithintekayo. Ocwaningweni lwesithathu, iziguli ezinofuzo lwesifo i-Alzheimer's (APOE-e4 carriers) zithole izinzuzo ezinkulu nakakhulu. Lokhu kutholwa okubalulekile ngoba abathwali be-APOE-e4 baphendula ngendlela ehlukile (futhi ngokuvamile kubi kakhulu) ekungeneleleni okuhlukahlukene [48,50]. I-Citicoline ithuthukise umphumela wokwelashwa kwezidakamizwa ze-Alzheimer's futhi yehlisa ukuqhubeka kwezilingo ezimbili zokubheka (ngaphezu kweziguli ezingama-600) [51,52]. Emagundaneni anesifo i-Alzheimer's, i-citicoline ivikela izinzwa ekuguqulweni kwamaprotheni futhi yehlise ukugeleza kwegazi. Ngenxa yalokho, amagundane abe nokukhubazeka okumbalwa kwengqondo kanye nenkumbulo ethuthukisiwe [53]. I-Citicoline ingasiza ekwelapheni isifo se-Alzheimer futhi ithuthukise ukunakekelwa okujwayelekile, kodwa ubufakazi bomtholampilo obukhona abunamandla. Isifo sikaParkinson Ukucekelwa phansi kwe-dopamine neurons ku-Parkinson's disease kubangela ukuqina kwemisipha, ukuthuthumela, nezinye izimpawu. Kumagundane anesifo sikaParkinson, i-citicoline ikhulula ukuqina kwemisipha ngokwandisa amazinga e-dopamine ebuchosheni. Iphinde ithuthukise umphumela wokwelashwa okujwayelekile [54,55]. I-Multiple sclerosis Ukubhujiswa okuvuthayo kwe-myelin sheath yeshidi lezinzwa zangaphandle kungabangela i-multiple sclerosis, ehambisana nokukhubazeka okukhulu ngokomzimba nangokwengqondo. Ezilwaneni ezine-multiple sclerosis, ososayensi baye babona amandla e-citicoline okuthuthukisa ukubuyiswa kwe-myelin nokuxhumana kwezimoto [56,57].

5) Ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo nokuluthwa yizidakamizwa

Ukucindezeleka Ocwaningweni lweziguli ezingama-50, ukwengeza i-citicoline ku-antidepressant (citalopram) kuthuthukise izimpawu zokucindezeleka nokululama [58]. Emagundaneni, i-CDP-choline inyusa i-norepinephrine, i-dopamine, namazinga e-serotonin kunkumbulo yobuchopho, imizwa, nezikhungo zokunyakaza [59,60]. Imilutha ye-methamphetamine ne-cocaine I-Citicoline yehlise izimpawu zokucindezeleka emiluthweni ye-methamphetamine (meth) engama-60, kodwa ayizange ibe nomthelela ekusetshenzisweni kwezidakamizwa (2000 mg/ngosuku izinyanga ezi-3). Kwesinye isifundo semilutha ye-methamphetamine engama-31, i-citicoline ivikele ubuchopho futhi yanciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa [61,62]. Emiluthweni ye-cocaine engaphezu kwe-130 ene-bipolar disorder, i-citicoline (500-2,000 mg izinyanga ezingu-3) yehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa kodwa ayizange ithinte isimo sengqondo. Kodwa-ke, esivivinyweni sabasebenzisi be-cocaine esindayo be-20, akukhiqizanga mphumela [63,64,65]. Ukubuyekezwa kwezivivinyo eziyisishiyagalolunye kuphethe ngokuthi i-citicoline ingaba nenzuzo encane ekuluthweni kwezidakamizwa, ikakhulukazi i-cocaine, kodwa yagqamisa isidingo sobufakazi obuqinile bomtholampilo [66]. I-Citicoline ithuthukise umphumela wokwelashwa okujwayelekile ezigulini ezingama-66 ezine-schizophrenia. Ithuthukisa izimpawu ezibizwa ngokuthi "ezimbi" njengokuthukuthela kwemizwa, ukukhulumisana okubi, nokuqina. Lokhu kunzima kakhulu ukuphatha ngezidakamizwa ezijwayelekile [67]. Kubantu abadala abanempilo ye-24, i-CDP-choline ithuthukisa ukuqonda ngokuvuselela i-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, ngokuvamile engasebenzi kahle ku-schizophrenia [26]. Izifundo zokuqala ziyethembisa, kodwa abukho ubufakazi obanele bokusekela ukusetshenziswa kwe-citicoline ukwelapha ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo nokuluthwa yizidakamizwa.